Immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: From basic research to clinical use

Table 1 Information of clinical trials of checkpoint blockade on hepatocellular carcinoma after 2008

Interventions	Design	Start year	Main inclusion criteria	Primary outcomes	Registered No.	Status
CP-675,206: anti-CTLA-4 antibody	Phase II	2008	Unresectable disease not amenable to loco regional treatment, HCV chronic infection	Tumor response	NCT01008358	Completed
CT-011 (Pidilizumab): anti-PD-1 antibody	Phase I/II	2009	HCC not eligible for surgery, TACE, or other systematic treatments	Safety and tolerability	NCT00966251	Terminated because of slow accrual
Nivolumab: anti-PD-1 antibody	Phase I	2012	Advanced HCC, failed in previous one line therapy	Adverse events	NCT01658878	Recruiting
Tremelimumab: anti-CTLA-4 antibody, combined with TACE or RFA	Phase I	2013	Not amenable to curative resection, transplantation or ablation	Safety and feasibility	NCT01853618	Recruiting

HCV: Hepatitis C virus; RFA: Radiofrequency ablation; TACE: Transarterial chemoembolization; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; PD-1: Programmed death 1.