Challenges of liver cancer: Future emerging tools in imaging and urinary biomarkers

doi:10.4254/wjh.v7.i26.2664

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Nov 18, 2015 (publication date) through Dec 27, 2024

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World Journal of Hepatology

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1948-5182

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Hepatol. Nov 18, 2015; 7(26): 2664-2675
Published online Nov 18, 2015. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i26.2664

Table 2 Urinary markers of hepatocellular carcinoma

Year	Urinary biomarker
Nucleosides and nucleotides
1974	Methylated purines[45]
1976	Cyclic GMP[46,47]
1986	Pseudouridine[48,49]
Proteins and polyamines
1990	TGFα and β[50-52]
1998	Neopterin[53-56]
2004	Urinary trypsin inhibitor[59,60]
1998	Spermine, putrescine, spermidine[58]
Metabolite profiles
2009	Octanedioic acid, glycine and hypoxanthine[61]
2010	Creatinine, carnitine, creatine[62]

GMP: Guanosine 3’:5’ monophosphate; TGF: Transforming growth factor.

Citation: Trovato FM, Tognarelli JM, Crossey MM, Catalano D, Taylor-Robinson SD, Trovato GM. Challenges of liver cancer: Future emerging tools in imaging and urinary biomarkers. World J Hepatol 2015; 7(26): 2664-2675
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5182/full/v7/i26/2664.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v7.i26.2664