Human immunodeficiency virus and viral hepatitis among high-risk groups: Understanding the knowledge gap in the Middle East and North Africa Region

Table 3 Human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus and their co-infection status among injecting drug users in Middle East and North Africa countries between 2005 and 2015

Country	n	Mean age/age	HIV (%)	HBV (%)	HCV (%)	HIV-HBV co-infection (%)	HIV-HCV co-infection (%)	Triple infection (%)	Ref.
Cyprus	40	25-31	0.0	0.0	50.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	[27]
Iran	202	-	NR	NS	52.0	NS	9.4	NS	[28]
	417	≥ 17	24.4	NS	80.0	NS	24.0	NS	[29]
	258	28.8	18.8	NS	65.9	NS	NR	NS	[30]
	233	32.3	7.7	22.7	40.3	4.7	6.4	4.7	[31]
	117a	< 30	0.7	0.7	59.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	[32]
	899	33.9	10.7	50.7	34.5	7.8	8.7	6.5	[33]
	100	17-58	19.0	6.0	56.0	NR	15.0	5.0	[34]
	268	37.0	10.8	6.0	39.2	NR	NR	NR	[35]
	153	30.7	5.9	22.9	59.5	2.0	5.2	1.3	[36]
	539	35.3	NR	NR	NR	0.0	1.1	NR	[37]
	200	36.5	1.5	4.5	12.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	[38]
	1327	26.5	20.2	NS	13.5	NS	NR	NS	[39]
	518	35.2	15.5	3.7	69.5	0.6	11.2	0.6	[16]
Israel	743	33.8	1.9	8.6	69.3	NR	NR	NR	[40]
Lebanon	106a	≥ 18	0.9	2.8	52.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	[44]
Libya	328a	≥ 15	87.1	4.5	94.2	4.2	83.2	NR	[41]
Palestine	192	41.3	0.0	2.6	43.8	0.0	0.0	0.0	[42]
Saudi Arabia	297	31.0	0.7	6.1	37.7	NR	NR	NR	[43]

^aEstimated prevalence using respondent-driven sampling method. All numbers were rounded to the nearest 1. n: Sample size; NR: Not reported; NS: Not studied; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus.