Hepatitis C virus infection and prisoners: Epidemiology, outcome and treatment

Table 2 Risk factors associated with hepatitis C virus, hepatitis C virus genotype and human immunodeficiency virus and/or hepatitis B virus co-infection

Ref.	HCV prevalence	Risk factors (odds ratio)	HCV genotypes (No. of patients)	Co-infection
Adjei et al[31]	18.7% vs 18.7%
Alvarez et al[29]	10.1%	IVDU (64.8)1; sex with IVDU (8.0)1; HIV (4.3)1; STD (3.2)1; tattoo (2,9)a; non-Hispanic black (2.3)1
Babudieri et al[42]	38%	IVDU (10.5); tattoo (2.9)
Barros et al[20]	6.1%	IVDU (5.9)1; > 6 in prison(4.2)1; sex with IVDU(1.4)1; age > 40 (4.4)1	1a (3) 1b (1) 3a (1)
Brandolini et al[17]	22.4%	HIV +; origin; age 35-52		HIV/HCV 11.6% (60)
Hennessey et al[36]	13%	HBV (4.44)1; HIV (2.51)1; previous imprisonment (2.90)1
Kazi et al[33]	15.2%	IVDU (24.32)1; surgery (2.41)1
Kheirandish et al[37]	80%	History of incarceration (4.35)1; tattoo (2.33)1; first injection ≤ 25 years old (2.72)1
Luciani et al[24]	Incidence 14.8 per 100/yr	IVDU-related behaviors; origin (2.63)2
Macalino et al[32]	23.1% 0.4%/yr	IVDU (32.44)1; increasing age > 30
Mahfoud et al[30]	3.43%	IVDU; previous imprisonment; tattoo	1 (5) 3 (1)
Marco et al[41]	22.7%			HIV/HCV 39
Meyer et al[34]	8.6%	IVDU; tattoo	1 (34) 2 (5); 3 (24) 4 (3)	HCV/HIV 5 HCV/BcAb 33
Mohamed et al[19]	15.8%	IVDU (4.1)1; > 10 in prison (3.4)1; shared toiletries (3.9)1; tattoo (2.8)1; dental procedure (4.7)1; age > 45 (1.5)1; DM (3.9)1		B/C 1.2%
Nokhodian et al[40]	4.4%	IVDU (134.44)
Prasetyo et al[21]	34.1%	IVDU (2.5); tattoo (3.2); piercing (3.6)	1a (14) 1c (5) 1b (1) 3a (4) 3k (4) 4a (2)	B/C 4
Reekie et al[28]	33.3% (’04)	IVDU; women (1.33)3		HIV/HCV 1
	31.6% (’07)	Age ≥ 25 (1.56)3		HBV/HCV 6
	23.2% (’10)	Previous imprisonment (2.15)3		HBV/HCV 5
				HBV/HCV 2
Rosa et al[27]	9.7%	IVDU (8.75); tattoo (3.35)
Saiz de la Hoya et al[25]	22.7%	IVDU (24.5)1; HIV (8.4)1; Spanish (7.5)1 Prison > 5 yr (5.2)1	1a (23) 1b (12) 3 (12) 4 (16)	HIV/HCV 8.5% HBV/HCV 0.3% HBV/HCV/HIV 1.5%
Santos et al[18]	3.1%	IVDU (23.3)1; household contact (14.1)1; syphilis (9.8)1; age > 30 (5.5)1	1a (6) 1b (1)
			1 (3) 3 (1)
Semaille et al[26]	4.8%	IVDU; women; > age; origin		HIV/HCV 0.08%
Solomon et al[35]	29.7%	Increasing age, max > 45 (13.51)1; women (1.32)1; HIV (4.09)1; HBV (2.69)1
Tresó et al[22]	4.9%	IVDU

¹Adjusted odds ratio;

²Hazard ratio;

³IRR. IVDU: Intravenous drug use; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; STD: Sexually transmitted diseases; DM: Diabetes mellitus; IRR: Incidence rate ratio.