Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2015.
World J Hepatol. Sep 18, 2015; 7(20): 2264-2273
Published online Sep 18, 2015. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i20.2264
Table 1 Biological markers for assessment of bacterial translocation in liver cirrhosis
OriginCommentsRef.
Bacterial DNABacteriaPros: Long half-life, association with cytokine production, hemodynamic changes and prognosisBellot et al[20], Francés et al[31], El-Naggar et al[32], González-Navajas et al[33], Zapater et al[34], Jun et al[35], Fagan et al[36]
Cons: Variable rates of detection (maybe depending on methodology used), lower prevalence in outpatientsRincón et al[39], Sersté et al[40], Feng et al[41], Fujita et al[42], Vlachogiannakos et al[43], Mortensen et al[44], Mortensen et al[45], Appenrodt et al[46]
LPSGram (-) bacteriaPros: Correlation with TNF-α, stage of cirrhosis, prognostic value for severity of liver damageHanck et al[52], Lin et al[54], Chan et al[55]
Cons: Short half-life, variation of detection ratesBellot et al[5], Fukui et al[53], Kaser et al[56], Stadlbauer et al[57]
LBPAcute phase protein triggered by LPSPros: Long half-life, correlation with TNF-RI, TNF-α, IL-6, and hyperdynamic circulationAlbillos et al[19], Albillos et al[59]
Cons: Low detection rates, elevated in systemic infection from Gram (-) bacteriaAlbillos et al[19], Albillos et al[59]
sCD14Monocytes, liverPros: Prognostic marker of disease progression in HBV/HCV/HIV, NAFLD and alcoholic liver disease, correlation with liver fibrosis, easily measuredLandmann et al[61], Tuomisto et al[62], Sandler et al[63], Balagopal et al[64], French et al[65], Ogawa et al[66], Campos et al[67]
CalprotectinNeutrophilsPros: Easily measured, fecal levels associated with stage of liver disease, SBP and HE, ratio of ascites calprotectin/total protein may be betterGundling et al[77], Lutz et al[81]
Cons: Plasma levels do no distinguish cirrhotic patients from healthy controls, weak association with alcoholic liver diseaseHomann et al[75], Homann et al[76], Montalto et al[78]
ProcalcitoninNeutrophils, liver, thyroidPros: Ascitic levels may differentiate between cirrhotic subgroupsAttar et al[97]
Cons: No correlation with HE, conflicting results depending on etiology of liver diseaseSpahr et al[92], Elefsiniotis et al[94], Rahimkhani et al[95], Villarreal et al[96]
ANCAs (IgA)NeutrophilsPros: Associated with ascites and advanced cirrhosis, predicts time to the first infectious complicationPapp et al[99]
Cons: Single study