Copyright
©The Author(s) 2015.
World J Hepatol. Sep 18, 2015; 7(20): 2264-2273
Published online Sep 18, 2015. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i20.2264
Published online Sep 18, 2015. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i20.2264
Origin | Comments | Ref. | |
Bacterial DNA | Bacteria | Pros: Long half-life, association with cytokine production, hemodynamic changes and prognosis | Bellot et al[20], Francés et al[31], El-Naggar et al[32], González-Navajas et al[33], Zapater et al[34], Jun et al[35], Fagan et al[36] |
Cons: Variable rates of detection (maybe depending on methodology used), lower prevalence in outpatients | Rincón et al[39], Sersté et al[40], Feng et al[41], Fujita et al[42], Vlachogiannakos et al[43], Mortensen et al[44], Mortensen et al[45], Appenrodt et al[46] | ||
LPS | Gram (-) bacteria | Pros: Correlation with TNF-α, stage of cirrhosis, prognostic value for severity of liver damage | Hanck et al[52], Lin et al[54], Chan et al[55] |
Cons: Short half-life, variation of detection rates | Bellot et al[5], Fukui et al[53], Kaser et al[56], Stadlbauer et al[57] | ||
LBP | Acute phase protein triggered by LPS | Pros: Long half-life, correlation with TNF-RI, TNF-α, IL-6, and hyperdynamic circulation | Albillos et al[19], Albillos et al[59] |
Cons: Low detection rates, elevated in systemic infection from Gram (-) bacteria | Albillos et al[19], Albillos et al[59] | ||
sCD14 | Monocytes, liver | Pros: Prognostic marker of disease progression in HBV/HCV/HIV, NAFLD and alcoholic liver disease, correlation with liver fibrosis, easily measured | Landmann et al[61], Tuomisto et al[62], Sandler et al[63], Balagopal et al[64], French et al[65], Ogawa et al[66], Campos et al[67] |
Calprotectin | Neutrophils | Pros: Easily measured, fecal levels associated with stage of liver disease, SBP and HE, ratio of ascites calprotectin/total protein may be better | Gundling et al[77], Lutz et al[81] |
Cons: Plasma levels do no distinguish cirrhotic patients from healthy controls, weak association with alcoholic liver disease | Homann et al[75], Homann et al[76], Montalto et al[78] | ||
Procalcitonin | Neutrophils, liver, thyroid | Pros: Ascitic levels may differentiate between cirrhotic subgroups | Attar et al[97] |
Cons: No correlation with HE, conflicting results depending on etiology of liver disease | Spahr et al[92], Elefsiniotis et al[94], Rahimkhani et al[95], Villarreal et al[96] | ||
ANCAs (IgA) | Neutrophils | Pros: Associated with ascites and advanced cirrhosis, predicts time to the first infectious complication | Papp et al[99] |
Cons: Single study |
- Citation: Koutsounas I, Kaltsa G, Siakavellas SI, Bamias G. Markers of bacterial translocation in end-stage liver disease. World J Hepatol 2015; 7(20): 2264-2273
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5182/full/v7/i20/2264.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v7.i20.2264