Transarterial chemoembolization: Evidences from the literature and applications in hepatocellular carcinoma patients

Table 1 Absolute and relative contraindications to transarterial chemoembolization

Absolute contraindications

Decompensated cirrhosis (Child-Pugh ≥ B8)

Extensive tumor with massive replacement of both entire lobes

Severely reduced portal vein flow

Technical impediments to hepatic intra-arterial treatment

Relative contraindications

Kidney failure

Severe cardiopulmonary comorbidities

Tumor size ≥ 10 cm

Untreated varices at high risk of bleeding

Bile-duct occlusion