Psychiatric and substance use disorders co-morbidities and hepatitis C: Diagnostic and treatment implications

Table 1 Hepatitis C and pain related diagnoses

Ref.	n	Design	Assessments	Outcome
Whitehead et al[13]	8224	Retrospective chart review	Clinical data, diagnoses, and medical history	Pain and SUD diagnoses were common among HCV patients, and opioids were frequently prescribed
Morasco et al[14]	49	Subjective assessment	Clinical interview, medical records BDI-II, SDS, HRQOL SF-36	Psychosocial variables, particularly depression severity, account for variance in pain intensity and pain functioning
Rogal et al[17]	1286	Retrospective cohort study	Self-report, symptom checklist and medical record	There is a high prevalence of pain and opioid use in patients with chronic liver disease
Morasco et al[15]	119	Subjective assessment	TLFB, self-report; MPI, BDI-II, PCS, CPSS, CPCI, SCID	Biopsychosocial factors significantly affected pain severity and pain interference in patients with HCV

HCV: Hepatitis C virus; SUD: Substance use disorder; BDI-II: Beck depression inventory, second edition; MPI: Multidimensional pain inventory; PCS: Pain catastrophizing scale; CPSS: Chronic pain self efficacy scale; CPCI: Chronic pain coping inventory; HRQOL SF-36: Health related quality of life short form-36 items; SCID: Structured clinical interview for The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV; TLFB: Time line follow back.