1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabonomic study in patients with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy

Table 3 Results for glycolysis end products and gluconeogenetic precursors are shown

	Chemical shift	Cirrhosis	Encephalopathy	Controls
Lactate	1.33	1.53 ± 0.11b	1.41 ± 0.13b	0.42 ± 0.05
Pyruvate	2.38	0.11 ± 0.02b	0.17 ± 0.02b	0.03 ± 0.00
Alanine	1.48	0.77 ± 0.04b	0.73 ± 0.06b	0.61 ± 0.05
Threonine	1.34	0.39 ± 0.02b	0.25 ± 0.01b	0.08 ± 0.1
Glycine	3.57	0.31 ± 0.03b	0.18 ± 0.01b	0.09 ± 0.1
Aspartate	2.82	0.37 ± 0.03b	0.27 ± 0.02b	0.03 ± 0.1

Lactate, pyruvate, alanine, threonine, glycine and aspartate concentrations were all significantly higher in patients than controls (^bP < 0.01 in all cases).