Th1/Th2 cytokines and their genotypes as predictors of hepatitis B virus related hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 Cytokines involved in hepatitis B virus - hepatocellular carcinoma risk

Cytokine genes	Physiological function	Role in viral clearance/persistence	SNP analyzed	Disease association
IL-1	Proinflammatory	Viral clearance	IL-1B (-511 C > T)	NS[28,29,31]; risk[30]
			IL-1RN (VNTR)	Risk[28]; protection[29];
			Intron 2	NS[30,31]
			IL-1 haplotypes	Protection[28]
IL-6	Pro- as well as anti-inflammatory	Both	-572 C > G	Protection[38]; NS[39]
			-597 G > A	Protection[38]
			IL-6 haplotypes	Risk[38]
IFN-γ	Proinflammatory	Viral clearance	+874 T > A	Protection[42]; NS[43]
IL-10	Anti-inflammatory	Viral persistence	-819 C > T/-592 C > A	Risk[49]; NS[50]
			IL-10 haplotypes	NS[49,51]
IL-12B	Proinflammatory	Viral clearance	+1188 A > C 3’UTR	NS[50,54,55]
TNF-α	Proinflammatory	Viral clearance	-308 G > A	NS[42,60]; risk[59]
TGF-β1	Pro- as well as anti-inflammatory	Both	-509 C > T	Risk[54]; protection[54,70,71]
IL-2	Proinflammatory	Viral clearance	-330 T > G	NS[50,54,77]; risk[78]
IL-4	Anti-inflammatory	Viral persistence	-590 C > T	Protection[54]; NS[50]

NS: Non-significant; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL: Interleukin; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; VNTR: Variable number tandem repeat; IFN-γ: Interferon-γ; 3’UTR: 3’ untranslated region.