Intravenous immunoglobulins in liver transplant patients: Perspectives of clinical immune modulation

Table 4 Clinical data of immune modulation by intravenous immunoglobulins in liver transplant recipients with positive lymphocytotoxic crossmatch

Ref.	Transplant procedure	No. of patients receiving IVIg (pre-LT/post-LT)	Additional immune modulation	Efficacy of IVIg on outcome
Watson et al[150]	LT	n = 1; post-LT, after detection of AMR	Plasmapheresis, rituximab	Intermittent decrease of Bili, liver enzymes and DSAs'; no survival
Dar et al[151]	SLKT	n = 6; pre- and post-LT desensitization	-	Survival rate 83.3%
Kozlowski et al[142]	LT	n = 3; post-LT, after detection of AMR	Plasmapheresis, rituximab	Transient decrease of Bili, yGT and DSAs' in 2 patients; survival rate 33.3%
Koch et al[153]	SLKT	n = 1; post-LT, after liver function deterioration and detection of DSAs'	Splenectomy, plasmapheresis, bortezomid	Improvement of liver/kidney function; decrease of DSAs'; survived
Shindoh et al[154]	LDLT	n = 1; post-LT, after decrease of platelet count and increase of attacking IgG	-	Recovery of platelet count; decrease of attacking IgG; survived
Leonard et al[137]	LT	n = 2; post-LT, after liver function deterioration	-	Recovery of allograft function; survival rate 100%
Hong et al[155]	LDLT	n = 1; post-LT, desensitization	-	Survived

IVIg: Intravenous immunoglobulins; LT: Liver transplantation (full size deceased); SLKT: Simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation; LDLT: Living donor liver transplantation; AMR: Antibody-mediated rejection; DSAs: Donor-specific antibodies.