Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: Predictive value of immunohistochemical markers for postoperative survival

Table 1 Immunohistochemical markers of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with prognosis in this review

Marker	Association with poor prognosis	Quoted literature examples
Tumor suppressors
Mutant p53	Increased expression	Schöniger-Hekele et al[18]
Proliferation associated proteins
Ki67 (detected by Mib1)	Increased expression	Schmilovitz-Weiss et al[40]
Proteins associated with angiogenesis
CD105	Increased microvessel density	Yao et al[57]
Proteins involved in angiogenesis		Tseng et al[11]
VEGF	Increased expression
MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases)
MMP-2 and MMP-9	Increased expression	Xiang et al[74]; Nanashima et al[48]
Molecules involved in cell adhesion
E-Cadherin	Decreased expression	Cho et al[94]
CD44 (CD44s and CD44v6)	Increased expression	Ryu et al[112]; Endo K et al[113]
OPN	Increased expression	Huang et al[130]
Cell cycle regulators
p27 (Kip1)	Decreased expression	Wan et al[137]
DNA-binding nuclear protein
HMGB1	Increased expression	Xiao et al[171]
Cancer stem cells
CD133	Increased expression	Chan et al[188]
EpCAM	Increased expression	Chan et al[188]
CK19	Increased expression	Xu et al[197]
Cell surface proteins
GPC3	Increased expression	Fu et al[211]
mTOR Pathway	Increased expression	Baba et al[223]

VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; MMP-2: Matrix metalloproteinases 2; CD44s: CD44 standard isoform; CD44v6: CD44 variant isoforms; OPN: Osteopontin; HMGB1: High-mobility group box 1 protein; EpCAM: Epithelial cell adhesion molecule; CK19: Cytokeratin19; GPC3: Glypican-3; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin.