Current concepts on cytomegalovirus infection after liver transplantation

Table 3 Selected traditional and novel factors associated with increased risk of cytomegalovirus disease after liver transplantation

Traditional factors	Recently identified factors
CMV D+/R- > CMV R+	Toll-like receptor gene polymorphism
Allograft rejection	Mannose binding lectin deficiency
High viral replication	Chemokine and cytokine defects (IL-10, MCP-1, CCR5)
Mycophenolate mofetil	Deficiency in CMV-specific CD4+ T cells
Muromonab-CD3	Deficiency in CMV-specific CD8+ T cells
Anti-thymocyte globulin	Expression of immune evasion genes
Alemtuzumab	Programmed cell death 1 expression
Basiliximab
Human herpesvirus-6
Human herpesvirus-7
Renal insufficiency
Others1

D: donor; R: recipient; IL-10: interleukin-10; MCP-1: monocyte chemotactic protein-1; CCR5: chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5; CMV: cytomegalovirus.

¹Others include re-transplantation, volume of blood transfusion, sepsis and other factors associated with high tumor necrosis factor-α secretion.