Bile cast nephropathy: A systematic review of case reports and case series

Table 1 Criteria for assessing reports of bile cast nephropathy and level of evidence for a causal relation between hyperbilirubinemia and the development of acute kidney injury

Criterion	Level of evidence
1 AKI, defined by the KDIGO clinical practice guideline[14]	Definite: 1, 2, 3, and 4 or 5 met
2 Elevated serum total bilirubin level	Probable: 1, 2, and 3, 4, or 5 met
3 Presence of bile casts in the urine sediment or in the tubular lumen (on kidney biopsy/autopsy)	Possible: 1 and 2 met
4 Other causes of AKI excluded (including acute tubular injury and hepato-renal syndrome)	Unlikely: 1 or 2 not met
5 Direct relationship between the degree of hyperbilirubinemia and the AKI

AKI: Acute kidney injury; KDIGO: Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes.