Contribution of extracellular vesicles to steatosis-related liver disease and their therapeutic potential

Table 1 Extracellular vesicle features and markers

Name	Size	Markers	Characteristics or definition	Content
Classical exosomes	40-150 nm[20]	CD9, CD63, CD81[20,21]	EVs originated in intracellular MVBs containing ILVs released into the extracellular space[20,21]	Proteins, amino acids, metabolites, mRNA, and siRNA[20,21]
Non-classical exosomes	40-150 nm[21]	CD9-, CD63-, CD81-[21]	Exosomes lacking CD9, CD63, and CD81 expression[21]	Not yet determined
Microvesicles/ectosomes/microparticles/membrane particles	50-2000 nm[22]	ARF6, VCAMP3, Annexin A1[21]	EVs originated by budding and detachment of cell membrane[22]	Proteins, amino acids, metabolites, mRNA, siRNA, and DNA[22]
ARMM	40-100 nm[21]	ARRDC1, TSG101[23]	Small microvesicles originated by budding and detachment of cell membrane, regulated by ARRDC1 and TSG101[23]	Proteins, amino acids, metabolites, mRNA, siRNA, and DNA[23]
Large oncosomes	1-10 μm[21]	Myr-Akt1, HB-EGF, Cav-1, ARF6[24]	Atypically large EVs originated by budding and detachment of cell membrane from advanced cancer disease cells[24]	Proteins, enzymes, peptides, miRNA, mRNA, DNA, amino acids, metabolites, and lipids[24]
Apoptotic bodies	50-5000 nm[21]	TSP, C3b, ARF6 ANEXIN V[25]	EVs originated during apoptotic events[25]	DNA, miRNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids[25]

ARF6: ADP-ribosylation factor 6; ARMM: Arrestin domain-containing protein 1-mediated microvesicles; ARRDC1: Arrestin domain containing 1; C3b: Complement component 3b; Cav-1: Caveolin-1; CD: Cluster of differentiation; EVs: Extracellular vesicles; ILVs: Intraluminal vesicles; mRNA: Messenger RNA; miRNA: MicroRNA; MVBs: Multivesicular bodies; siRNA: Small interfering RNA; TSG101: Tumor susceptibility gene 101; TSP: Thrombospondin; VCAMP3: Vesicle-associated membrane protein 3.