Correlation between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic parameters in persons with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Patient demographics, lifestyle, and comorbidities according to liver disease on ultrasound

Variable	Total (n = 148)	No liver disease (n = 39)	Liver disease (n = 109)	P value1
Age in year	47 (40-55)	49 (40-61)	47 (40-54)	1
Female	69 (46.6)	11 (28.2)	58 (53.2)	0.007
Social class				0.36
Manual	21 (14.2)	3 (7.7)	18 (16.5)
Non-skilled	65 (43.9)	16 (41.0)	49 (45.0)
Semiskilled	11 (7.4)	5 (12.8)	6 (5.5)
Skilled manual	9 (6.1)	4 (10.3)	5 (4.6)
Skilled non-manual	6 (4.1)	2 (5.1)	4 (3.7)
Professional	36 (24.3)	9 (23.1)	27 (24.8)
Income class				0.3
Poor	6 (4.1)	1 (2.6)	5 (4.6)
Lower middle	46 (31.1)	17 (43.6)	29 (26.6)
Middle	83 (56.1)	19 (48.7)	64 (58.7)
Upper middle	10 (6.8)	1 (2.6)	9 (8.3)
Upper	3 (2.0)	1 (2.6)	2 (1.8)
Willingness to pay, yes	148 (100)	39 (100)	109 (100)	-
Education				0.79
Primary school	87 (58.8)	25 (64.1)	62 (56.9)
Secondary school	21 (14.2)	5 (12.8)	16 (14.7)
Undergraduate	34 (23.0)	7 (18.0)	27 (24.8)
Postgraduate	6 (4.1)	2 (5.1)	4 (3.7)
Sleep in hour				0.96
7	7 (4.7)	2 (5.1)	5 (4.6)
8	120 (81.1)	31 (79.5)	89 (81.7)
9	15 (13.8)	6 (15.4)	15 (13.8)
Dietary fats and oils				0.042
Normal	23 (15.5)	10 (25.6)	13 (11.9)
High	125 (84.5)	29 (74.4)	96 (88.1)
Dietary protein				-
Normal	148 (100)	39 (100)	109 (100)
Dietary vegetables and fruits				0.27
Normal	76 (51.4)	23 (59.0)	53 (48.6)
High	72 (48.7)	16 (41.0)	56 (51.4)
Dietary carbohydrates				0.78
Normal	3 (2.0)	1 (2.6)	2 (1.8)
High	145 (98.0)	38 (97.4)	107 (98.2)
Dietary dairy and cheese				0.77
Normal	28 (18.9)	8 (20.5)	20 (18.4)
High	120 (81.1)	31 (79.5)	89 (81.7)
Dietary sweets and confectionaries				0.63
Normal	54 (36.5)	13 (33.3)	41 (37.6)
High	94 (63.5)	26 (66.7)	68 (62.4)
Hypertension	24 (16.2)	8 (20.5)	16 (14.7)	0.4
Hypercholesterolaemia	2 (1.4)	1 (2.6)	1 (0.9)	0.45
Previous myocardial infarction	2 (1.4)	1 (2.6)	1 (0.9)	0.45
Previous stroke	1 (0.7)	1 (2.6)	0 (0)	0.093
Polycystic ovarian syndrome	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	-
Obstructive sleep apnoea	13 (8.8)	4 (10.3)	9 (8.3)	0.71
Vitamin D deficiency	3 (2.0)	0 (0)	3 (2.8)	0.3
Hypothyroidism	4 (2.7)	0 (0)	4 (3.7)	0.23
Family history of type 2 diabetes	58 (39.2)	17 (43.6)	41 (37.6)	0.51
Family history of liver disease	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	-

¹χ² test.

Data are median (interquartile range) or n (%).