Multifunctional role of oral bacteria in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Figure 2 Disruption of oral mucosal barriers by pathogenic microorganisms. Pathogenic microorganisms enhance Th17 cell secretion of interleukin (IL)-17 through stimulating factors, including IL-6 and IL-23, which leads to neutrophil aggregation and activation. Concurrently, oral epithelial cells reduce the expression of Claudin-1, Claudin-4, and E-cadherin, thereby increasing barrier permeability. This alteration elevates the risk of pathogenic microorganisms entering the bloodstream and reaching the liver. IL: Interleukin.