Genetic diversity and occult hepatitis B infection in Africa: A comprehensive review

Table 7 DNA limit of detection in included studies

Ref.	Year	Countries	Patients	OBI prevalence, n (%)	Types of studies	Methods	DNA low limit of detection	Effective	HBV genotype
Abdel-Maksoud et al[104]	2019	Egypt	Haemodialysis	7.3	Cohort	Nested PCR	30 copies/mL	150
Elbedewy et al[114]	2015	Egypt	Patient with malignant tumors of the lymphatic system	13.89	Cross-sectional	Real-time PCR	12 IU/mL	72
Kishk et al[58]	2015	Egypt	Blood donors	22.7	ND	Real-time PCR	100 copies/mL	343	D
Elrashidy et al[20]	2014	Egypt	Diabetic children and adolescents following hepatitis B vaccination	0	ND	Nested PCR	100 copies/mL	170
El-Ghitany et al[86]	2013	Egypt	Blood donors with hepatitis C	4,16 (3,2 HVC+ et 5,1 HCV-)	Case–control study	Real time PCR	45 copies/mL	504
Elkady et al[113]	2013	Egypt	Hematological malignant patients	5.66	ND	Real-time PCR	20 IU/mL	18	D1
Said et al[48]	2013	Egypt	Blood donors	1.64	Cross-sectional	Real-time PCR	3.8 IU/mL	3167
Abu El Makarem et al[105]	2012	Egypt	Haemodialysis with/without HCV	4.1	ND	Real-time PCR	6 IU/mL	145
Selim et al[89]	2011	Egypt	HCV patients	38.3	ND	Real-time PCR	45 copies/mL	60
Emara et al[90]	2010	Egypt	HCV patients	3.9	Cross-sectional	Real-Time PCR	12 IU/mL	155
El-Sherif et al[91]	2009	Egypt	HCV patients	16	ND	Real-Time PCR	30 copies/mL	100
Gissa et al[99]	2022	Ethiopia	Patients with chronic liver disease of unidentified cause	5.56	Prospective	Real-Time PCR	15 IU/mL	36
Bivigou-Mboumba et al[75]	2018	Gabon	HIV patient	17.5	Cross-sectional	Real-time PCR	50 IU/mL	137
Bivigou-Mboumba et al[76]	2016	Gabon	HIV patient	8	Cross-sectional	Real-time PCR	100 IU/mL	762	A E
Ndow et al[27]	2022	Gambia	General population	18.3	Case-control study	Nested PCR	5 IU/mL	82
Attiku et al[77]	2021	Ghana	HIV/HBV co-infected patients	30.8	Longitudinal purposive study	Real-time PCR	2 copies/mL	13
Attia et al[78]	2012	Ivory Coast	HIV patient	21.3	Cross-sectional	COBAS Amplicor HBV	6 UI/mL	188
Salyani et al[70]	2021	Kenya	HIV patient ART naïve	5.3	Cross-sectional	COBAS AmpliPrep	20 UI/mL	208
Mabunda et al[51]	2020	Mozambique	Blood donors	0.98	Cross-sectional	PCR	20 UI/mL	1435
Fasola et al[60]	2021	Nigeria	Blood donors	1	Cross-sectional	Nested PCR	1 IU/mL	100
Olotu et al[53]	2016	Nigeria	Blood donors	5.4	Cross-sectional	Real-time PCR	20 IU/mL	354
Powell et al[81]	2015	South Africa	HIV patient	13.5	ND	Real-time PCR	250 copies/mL	394
Hoffmann et al[65]	2014	South Africa	Pregnant women with HIV	1.71	Case-control study	Real-time PCR	20 IU/ mL	175
Bell et al[68]	2012	South Africa	ART naive HIV	3.79	Cohort	Real-time PCR	20 IU/ mL	79

OBI: Occult hepatitis B infection; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; ND: Not defined; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; ART: Antiretroviral therapy.