Genetic diversity and occult hepatitis B infection in Africa: A comprehensive review

Table 6 Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes involved in occult hepatitis B infection

Ref.	Year	Countries	Patients	OBI prevalence, n (%)	Types of studies	Methods	Effective	HBV genotype
Mbangiwa et al[67]	2018	Botswana	Pregnant women with/without HIV	6.6	Prospective study	COBAS AmpliPrep	622	D3, A1, E
Diarra et al[26]	2018	Burkina Faso	General population	7.3	ND	Real-time PCR	219	E and A3
Esmail et al[40]	2016	Egypt	Haemodialysis without HCV	8.3	ND	Real-time PCR	144	B, C, D
Kishk et al[58]	2015	Egypt	Blood donors	22.7	ND	Real-time PCR	343	D
Kishk et al[88]	2014	Egypt	CHC patient	7.5	ND	Real-time PCR	162	D
Elkady et al[113]	2013	Egypt	Hematological malignant patients	5.66	ND	Real-time PCR	18	D1
Taha et al[42]	2013	Egypt	HCV patients with/without hepatocellular carcinoma	22.5 (17.5 with CHC 5 without CHC)	Cross-sectional	Nested PCR	40	D, B, C, A
Youssef et al[36]	2013	Egypt	Children with acute HBV	29,16	ND	Real-time PCR	24	D (D1, D2)
Hassan et al[41]	2011	Egypt	Hepatocellular carcinoma patient	22.5	ND	Nested PCR	40	D, B, A, C
Youssef et al[43]	2009	Egypt	Patient with elevated transaminases	64.8	ND	Nested PCR	119	C (C2), D (D1)
Meier-Stephenson et al[38]	2020	Ethiopia	Pregnant women	20.3	Prospective	Nested PCR	182	D, C
Patel et al[44]	2020	Ethiopia	HIV patient	19.1	Cross-sectional	Nested PCR	291	D, E, A, C
Bivigou-Mboumba et al[76]	2016	Gabon	HIV patient	8	Cross-sectional	Real-time PCR	762	A, E
Gouas et al[97]	2012	Gambia	Patient with Cirrhosis and HCC	15% cirrhosis et 24% with HCC	case–control study	PCR	34 et 88	E, D, A
Aluora et al[37]	2020	Kenya	Blood donors	2.3	Cross-sectional	Nested PCR	300	A
Akintule et al[52]	2018	Nigeria	Blood donors	8.7	ND	Nested PCR	206	83.3% A 11.1% no A
Ibrahim et al[102]	2020	Sudan	Renal transplant patients	18	Cross-sectional	Nested PCR	100	D, A, E
Mustafa et al[101]	2020	Sudan	Renal Transplant Patients	51,4	ND	Real-time PCR	100	A, D, E
Yousif et al[39]	2014	Sudan	HIV patient	55.5	ND	Real-time PCR	18	D, E, A, D/E

OBI: Occult hepatitis B infection; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; ND: Not defined; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; CHC: Chronic hepatitis C; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.