Genetic diversity and occult hepatitis B infection in Africa: A comprehensive review

Table 5 Distribution of occult hepatitis B infection prevalence in the western region of Africa

Ref.	Year	Countries	Patients	OBI prevalence, n (%)	Types of studies	Methods	DNA limit of detection	Effective	HBV genotype
Ky/Ba et al[25]	2021	Burkina Faso	Blood donors	4	Cross-sectional	Real-time PCR	ND	300
Diarra et al[26]	2018	Burkina Faso	General population	7.3	ND	Real-time PCR	ND	219	E and A3
Somda et al[24]	2016	Burkina Faso	Blood donors	32.8	Prospective study	Real-time PCR	ND	160
Ndow et al[27]	2022	Gambia	General population	18.3	Case-control study	Nested PCR	5 IU/mL	82
Gouas et al[97]	2012	Gambia	Patient with Cirrhosis and HCC	15% cirrhosis et 24% with HCC	Case–control study	PCR	ND	34 et 88	E, D, A
Attiku et al[77]	2021	Ghana	HIV/HBV co-infected patients	30.8	Longitudinal purposive study	Real-time PCR	2 copies/mL	13
Attia et al[78]	2012	Ivory Coast	HIV patient	21.3	Cross-sectional	COBAS Amplicor HBV	6 UI/mL	188
Fasola et al[60]	2021	Nigeria	Blood donors	1	Cross-sectional	Nested PCR	1 IU/mL	100
Akintule et al[52]	2018	Nigeria	Blood donors	8.7	ND	Nested PCR	ND	206	83.3% A 11.1% no A
Olotu et al[53]	2016	Nigeria	Blood donors	5.4	Cross-sectional	Real-time PCR	20 IU/mL	354
Oluyinka et al[61]	2015	Nigeria	Blood donors	17	ND	Real-time PCR	ND	492
Nna et al[54]	2014	Nigeria	Blood donors	8	ND	Nested PCR	ND	100
Opaleye et al[79]	2014	Nigeria	HIV patient	11.8	ND	PCR	ND	188

OBI: Occult hepatitis B infection; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; ND: Not defined; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.