Genetic diversity and occult hepatitis B infection in Africa: A comprehensive review

Table 4 Distribution of occult hepatitis B infection prevalence in the eastern region of Africa

Ref.	Year	Countries	Patients	OBI prevalence, n (%)	Types of studies	Methods	DNA limit of detection	Effective	HBV genotype
Gissa et al[99]	2022	Ethiopia	Patients with chronic liver disease of unidentified cause	5.56	Prospective	Real-Time PCR	15 IU/mL	36
Ayana et al[74]	2020	Ethiopia	HIV negative/positive isolated antiHBc	5.6	ND	Real-Time PCR	ND	306
Meier-Stephenson et al[38]	2020	Ethiopia	Pregnant women	20.3	Prospective	Nested PCR	ND	182	D, C
Patel et al[44]	2020	Ethiopia	HIV patient	19.1	Cross-sectional	Nested PCR	ND	291	D, E, A, C
Salyani et al[70]	2021	Kenya	HIV patient ART naïve	5.3	Cross-sectional	COBAS AmpliPrep	20 UI/mL	208
Aluora et al[37]	2020	Kenya	Blood donors	2.3	Cross-sectional	Nested PCR	ND	300	A
Jepkemei et al[28]	2020	Kenya	Populations with high risk of HBV infection	18.7	Cohort	Real-time PCR	ND	99
Rusine et al[80]	2013	Rwanda	HIV patient	42.9	Prospective study	PCR	ND	218
Ahmed et al[112]	2022	Sudan	Patients with chronic renal failure	22	Cross-sectional	Nested PCR	ND	188
Mustafa et al[101]	2020	Sudan	Renal Transplant Patients	51.4	ND	Real-time PCR	ND	100	A, D, E
Bashir and Hassan[33]	2019	Sudan	Febrile malaria Patients	18.2	ND	Real-time PCR	ND	88
Sahr Hagmohamed et al[111]	2019	Sudan	Haemodialysis	15.9	Cross-sectional	PCR	ND	88
Majed et al[100]	2018	Sudan	Haemodialysis	0	Cross-sectional	PCR	ND	88
Hassan et al[55]	2017	Sudan	Blood donors	7.9	ND	Nested PCR	ND	177
Mohammed et al[110]	2015	Sudan	Haemodialysis	3.3	ND	PCR	ND	91
Mudawi et al[84]	2014	Sudan	HIV patient	11,07	Cross-sectional	Real-time PCR	ND	316
Yousif et al[39]	2014	Sudan	HIV patient	55.5	ND	Real-time PCR	ND	18	D, E, A, D/E
Abd El Kader Mahmoud et al[46]	2013	Sudan	Blood donors	38	ND	Real-time PCR	ND	100
Mahgoub et al[56]	2011	Sudan	Blood donors	4.6	ND	Nested PCR	ND	129
Meschi et al[34]	2010	Tanzania	Febrile patient	7.7	Cross-sectional	Real-time PCR	ND	13

OBI: Occult hepatitis B infection; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; ND: Not defined; ART: Antiretroviral therapy.