Genetic diversity and occult hepatitis B infection in Africa: A comprehensive review

Table 2 Distribution of occult hepatitis B infection prevalence in the northern region of Africa

Ref.	Year	Countries	Patients	OBI prevalence, n (%)	Types of studies	Methods	DNA limit of detection	Effective	HBV genotype
Amer et al[106]	2020	Egypt	Haemodialysis patients with HCV	33.8	ND	Real-time PCR	ND	325
Abdel-Maksoud et al[104]	2019	Egypt	Haemodialysis	7.3	Cohort	Nested PCR	30 copies/mL	150
Elmaghloub et al[29]	2017	Egypt	Healthcare workers	5.3	Cross-sectional	Nested PCR	ND	132
Omar et al[93]	2017	Egypt	HCV patients with/without schistosomiasis	With schistosomias 12.8% without schistosomias 8.5%	ND	Real-time PCR	ND	200
Esmail et al[40]	2016	Egypt	Haemodialysis without HCV	8.3	ND	Real-time PCR	ND	144	B, C, D
Mahmoud et al[87]	2016	Egypt	HCV patients	18	Cross-sectional	Real-time PCR	ND	100
Elbedewy et al[114]	2015	Egypt	Patient with malignant tumors of the lymphatic system	13.89	Cross-sectional	Real-time PCR	12 IU/mL	72
Elsawaf et al[21]	2015	Egypt	ART in chronic hepatitis C patients	90.9	ND	Nested PCR	ND	11
Helaly et al[108]	2015	Egypt	Haemodialysis	32	Cross-sectional	Real-time PCR	ND	100
Kishk et al[58]	2015	Egypt	Blood donors	22.7	ND	Real-time PCR	100 copies/mL	343	D
Mandour et al[109]	2015	Egypt	HCV and Haemodialysis	8.5% in CHC and 1.8% in HD	ND	Nested PCR	ND	210 et 165
Raouf et al[92]	2015	Egypt	HCV positive cancer children	32	case–control study	Nested PCR	ND	50
Elrashidy et al[20]	2014	Egypt	Diabetic children and adolescents following hepatitis B vaccination	0	ND	Nested PCR	100 copies/mL	170
Kishk et al[88]	2014	Egypt	CHC patient	7.5	ND	Real-time PCR	ND	162	D
El-Ghitany et al[86]	2013	Egypt	Blood donors with hepatitis C	4.16 (3.2 HVC+ et 5.1 HCV-)	case–control study	Real Time PCR	45 copies/mL	504
Elkady et al[113]	2013	Egypt	Hematological malignant patients	5.66	ND	Real-time PCR	20 IU/mL	18	D1
Said et al[48]	2013	Egypt	Blood donors	1.64	Cross-sectional	Real-time PCR	3.8 IU/mL	3167
Taha et al[42]	2013	Egypt	HCV patients with/without hepatocellular carcinoma	22.5 (17.5 with CHC 5 without CHC)	Cross-sectional	Nested PCR	ND	40	D, B, C, A
Youssef et al[36]	2013	Egypt	Children with acute HBV	29.16	ND	Real-time PCR	ND	24	D (D1, D2)
Abu El Makarem et al[105]	2012	Egypt	Haemodialysis with/without HCV	4.1	ND	Real-time PCR	6 IU/mL	145
Elgohry et al[107]	2012	Egypt	Haemodialysis	26.8	ND	PCR	ND	93
Shaker et al[116]	2012	Egypt	Thalassemic children	32.5	Prospective study	Real Time PCR	ND	80
Hassan et al[41]	2011	Egypt	Hepatocellular carcinoma patient	22.5	ND	Nested PCR	ND	40	D, B, A, C
Selim et al[89]	2011	Egypt	HCV patients	38.3	ND	Real-time PCR	45 copies/mL	60
Antar et al[59]	2010	Egypt	Blood donors	0.48	ND	Real-time PCR	ND	1021
Emara et al[90]	2010	Egypt	HCV patients	3.9	Cross-sectional	Real-Time PCR	12 IU/mL	155
El-Sherif et al[91]	2009	Egypt	HCV patients	16	ND	Real-Time PCR	30 copies/mL	100
Said et al [118]	2009	Egypt	Children with malignant hematological disorders	21	case–control study	Nested PCR	ND	100
Youssef et al[43]	2009	Egypt	Patient with elevated transaminases	64.8	ND	Nested PCR	ND	119	C (C2), D (D1)
El-Zayadi et al[49]	2008	Egypt	Blood donors	1.26	ND	PCR	ND	712
El-Sherif et al[50]	2007	Egypt	Blood donors	1.3	ND	PCR	ND	150

OBI: Occult hepatitis B infection; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; ND: Not defined; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; ART: Antiretroviral therapy; CHC: Chronic hepatitis C; HD: Haemodialysis.