Genetic diversity and occult hepatitis B infection in Africa: A comprehensive review

Table 1 Distribution of occult hepatitis B infection prevalence in the southern region of Africa

Ref.	Year	Countries	Patients	OBI prevalence, n (%)	Types of studies	Methods	DNA limit of detection	Effective	HBV genotype
Peliganga et al[47]	2021	Angola	Blood donors	2.9	Cross-sectional	Real-time PCR	ND	500
Mbangiwa et al[67]	2018	Botswana	Pregnant women with/without HIV	6.6	Prospective study	COBAS AmpliPrep	ND	622	D3, A1, E
Ryan et al[72]	2017	Botswana	HIV patient	26.5	ND	COBAS AmpliPrep	ND	272
Mabunda et al[51]	2020	Mozambique	Blood donors	0.98	Cross-sectional	PCR	20 UI/mL	1435
Carimo et al[69]	2018	Mozambique	ART naïve HIV patient	8.3	Cross-sectional	Real-time PCR	ND	206
Sondlane et al[30]	2016	South Africa	Healthcare workers	6.7	Descriptive study	Real-time PCR	ND	314
Amponsah-Dacosta et al[119]	2015	South Africa	Post-vaccination	66 and 70.4	ND	Real-time PCR	ND	62 and 139
Powell et al[81]	2015	South Africa	HIV patient	13.5	ND	Real-time PCR	250 copies/mL	394
Hoffmann et al[65]	2014	South Africa	Pregnant women with HIV	1.71	Case-control study	Real-time PCR	20 IU/ mL	175
Ayuk et al[82]	2013	South Africa	HIV/HBV Co-infection	33.7	Unmatched study	Nested PCR	ND	181
Bell et al[68]	2012	South Africa	ART naive HIV	3.79	Cohort	Real-time PCR	20 IU/ mL	79
Mayaphi et al[83]	2012	South Africa	HIV/HBV Co-infection HIV patient	3.5 in AIDS 1 in no AIDS	Cross-sectional	Nested PCR	ND	200/200
Firnhaber et al[66]	2009	South Africa	HIV patient	88.4	ND	Real-time PCR	ND	53

OBI: Occult hepatitis B infection; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; ND: Not defined; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; ART: Antiretroviral therapy.