Molecular mechanism of nanomaterials induced liver injury: A review

Table 8 Effects and molecular mechanisms underlying Al₂O₃NPs induced hepatonanotoxicity

NPs	Size	Tested model	Dose & route of administration	Effects & mechanism	Ref.
Al2O3	< 50 nm	Developing chicken embryo, HepG2 cell culture model	10, 20, 40 μg/egg via injection from 8th to 12th day of incubation on an alternate day basis, 05, 10, 20 μg/mL for 12 h	ROS & Super oxide production (increased); ALP, ALT, AST activity (increased); HO-1, NQO-1 level (increased); Cell viability (decreased); SOD, CAT, GPx, TBARS, TNF-α, Caspase-3 activity (decreased)	[128]
				Oxidative stress and cytotoxicity

ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1; NQO-1: NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; CAT: Catalase; GPx: Glutathione peroxidase; TBARS: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor α; ROS: Reactive oxygen species.