Molecular mechanism of nanomaterials induced liver injury: A review

Table 3 Effects and molecular mechanisms underlying WO₃NPs induced hepatonanotoxicity

NPs	Size	Tested model	Dose & route of administration	Effects & mechanism	Ref.
WO3 NPs	60-70 nm, length WO3nanorods shorter (125−200 nm) and longer (0.8−2 μm)	BALB/c mice	2.5/5/10/20 mg/kg/d of shorter WO3 nanorods; 2.5/5/10/20 mg/kg/d longer WO3 nanorods for 14 d (i.p.)	ALT, AST; NF-κB, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4 (increased); GSH, SOD (decreased)	[17]
				Oxidative stress, inflammation

ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GSH: Glutathione; IFN-γ: Interferon gamma; IL-4: Interleukin 4; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor α.