Molecular mechanism of nanomaterials induced liver injury: A review

Table 13 Effects and molecular mechanisms underlying CuS/CdS-NPs induced hepatonanotoxicit

NPs	Size	Tested model	Dose & route of administration	Effects & mechanism	Ref.
CdS NPs	5-9 nm (TEM)	Wistar rat	10 mg/kg alternate days for 45 d	Hepatosomatic index (decreased); ALT, AST, ALP, LPO, H2O2, NO (increased); GSH (depletion); Cytoplasmic degeneration/coagulation, sinusoidal inflammation, parenchymal degeneratin, mitochondria, peroxisome, microsomes increased in number	[159]
				Oxidative stress
CuS/CdS	8.7 nm	hepatoma cells BEL7402 and L-02 normal liver cells; Balb/c mice	4 mg/kg, i,v injection	SOD, GSH (down regulation); ROS, GSSG, MDA (up regulation)	[158]
				Oxidative stress
Cu2-xS	17.8 nm (LNPs); 2.8 nm (SNPs)	Sprague Dawley rats	5 mg/kg through tail vein single dose	ALT, AST, TBA, LDH (increased) ALB (decreased)	[161]

ALB: Albumin, ALP: Alkaline phosphatase, ALT: Alanine aminotransferase, AST: Aspartate aminotransferase, GSH: Glutathione, GSSG: Glutathione disulfid, H₂O₂: Hydrogen peroxide, LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase, LPO: Lipid peroxidation, MDA: Malondialdehyde, NO: Nitric oxide, ROS: Reactive oxygen species, SOD: Superoxide dismutase, TBA: Total bile acid.