Protein succinylation, hepatic metabolism, and liver diseases

Figure 1 Mechanisms for succinylation. Succinylation is the process of transferring negatively charged four-carbon succinyl groups to amines of lysine residues through enzymatic and non-enzymatic manners using succinyl-CoA as a direct substrate. The succinylation degree can be promoted by succinyltransferases, such as lysine acetyltransferase 2A, histone acetyltransferase 1, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A. Meanwhile, desuccinylases, including CobB, sirtuin 5, and sirtuin 7 negatively regulate the extent of protein succinylation. KAT2A: Lysine acetyltransferase 2A; HAT1: Histone acetyltransferase 1; α-KGDHC: α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex; SIRT5: Sirtuin 5; SIRT7: Sirtuin 7; CPT1A: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A.