Associations of PNPLA3 and LEP genetic polymorphisms with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease in Thai people living with human immunodeficiency virus

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease patients and controls

Characteristics	PLWH and MAFLD (n = 83)	PLWH and non-MAFLD (n = 94)	P value	MAFLD (n = 145)	P value	Chinese Dai (n = 93)	P value
Age (yr)	51.99 ± 7.65	49.55 ± 8.27	0.044a	65.00	< 0.001b	N/A	N/A
Gender
Male	54 (65.10)	48 (51.10%)	0.060	68 (46.90%)	0.008b	44 (47.30%)	0.950
Female	48 (34.90%)	46 (48.90%)		77 (53.10%)		49 (52.70%)
BMI (kg/m2)	25.42	21.79	< 0.001a	27.67	< 0.001b	N/A	-
CD4 (cells/mm3)	619.00	570.50	0.033a	N/A	-	N/A	-
%CD 4	26.10 ± 0.83	25.76 ± 0.81	0.853	N/A	-	N/A	-
Hb (g/dL)	14.36 1.62	13.84 1.90	0.015a	N/A		N/A
Platelets (-/mm3)	259063 77332	261694 66966	0.744	N/A		N/A
AP (U/L)	85.00	86.00	0.821	72.00	0.001b	N/A	-
AST (U/L)	33.00	28.00	< 0.001a	38.00	0.015b	N/A	-
ALT (U/L)	38.00	25.00	< 0.001a	50.00	0.004b	N/A	-
GGT (U/L)	47.00	35.50	< 0.001a	51.50	0.853	N/A	-
Total protein (g/L)	79.60 ± 0.56	78.28 ± 0.47	0.071	75.96 ± 0.42	< 0.001b	N/A	-
Albumin (g/L)	40.80	38.35	< 0.001a	40.65	0.255	N/A	-
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)	0.60	0.50	0.759	0.70	0.10	N/A	-
Direct bilirubin (mg/dL)	0.20	0.20	0.862	0.30	0.007b	N/A	-
HbA1C (mmol/L)	5.68	5.38	< 0.001a	6.36	< 0.001b	N/A	-
Fasting plasma Glucose (mg/dL)	98	93	0.026	108	< 0.001b	N/A	-
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	169	109	< 0.001a	123	< 0.0001b	N/A	-
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)	206.78 ± 5.57	199.10 ± 3.57	0.212	183	0.428	N/A	-
HDL (mg/dL)	44	49	0.004a	49	0.10	N/A	-
LDL (mg/dL)	130.67 ± 4.27	122.46 ± 2.98	0.086	114.94 ± 2.83	0.001b	N/A	-
Drug-regimen, n (%)
NRTI+NNRTI	62 (74.7)	71 (75.5)	0.573	N/A	-	N/A	-
NRTI+PI	19 (22.9)	18 (19.1)		N/A	-	N/A	-
Alternative	2 (2.4)	5 (5.3)		N/A	-	N/A	-
Co-morbidities
Dyslipidemia	30 (36.1)	15 (16.0)	0.002a	82 (56.9)	0.002b	N/A	-
Hypertension	21 (25.3)	6 (6.4)	0.001a	64 (44.1)	0.003b	N/A	-
Diabetes mellitus	16 (19.3)	5 (5.3)	0.005a	63 (43.4)	< 0.001b	N/A	-

^aP value < 0.05 compared between people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) vs PLWH and non-MAFLD.

^bP value < 0.05 compared between PLWH and MAFLD vs MAFLD.

Data represent as mode, mean ± standard deviation or n (%), differences between groups were tested by Chi-square test or one-way ANOVA as appropriate. AP: Alkaline phosphatase; AST: Aspartate aminotransaminase; ALT: Alanine aminotransaminase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; Hb: Henoglobin; TB: Total bilirubin; MAFLD: Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease; N/A: Not available; PLWH: People living with human immunodeficiency virus; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; HbA1C: Hemoglobin A1C; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; NRTI: Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NNRTI: Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI: Protease inhibitor.