Effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on incidence and treatment strategies of hepatocellular carcinoma in people with chronic liver disease

Table 3 Incidence rates of clinical sequelae of chronic liver disease patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in 2022 and matched controls in the acute and post-acute phases of infection

Outcomes	Acute phase of infection (within 21 d)													Post-acute phase of infection (beyond 21 d)
	COVID-19 patients in 2022 (n = 52391)					Control (n = 52391)					COVID-19 patients in 2022 vs control			COVID-19 patients in 2022 (n = 47986)
	Cumulative incidence		Crude incidence rate (Events/10000 person-yr)			Cumulative incidence		Crude incidence rate (Events/10000 person-yr)						Cumulative incidence		Crude incidence rate (Events/10000 person-yr)
	New events	Rate	Estimate	95%CI	Person-yr	New events	Rate	Estimate	95%CI	Person-yr	IRR1	95%CI	P value	New events	Rate	Estimate	95%CI	Person-yr
HCC	30	0.06	107.9	(72.8, 154.0)	2781	16	0.03	57.1	(32.6, 92.8)	2,801	1.89a	(1.03, 3.47)	0.04	151	0.32	66.2	(56.1, 77.7)	22,797
All-cause mortality	764	1.46	2683.7	(2496.7, 2880.9)	2847	109	0.21	380.1	(312.1, 458.5)	2868	7.06b	(5.78, 8.63)	< 0.001	854	1.78	365.6	(341.5, 391.0)	23356
Adverse hepatic outcomes	1180	2.39	4469.6	(4218.2, 4732.1)	2640	607	1.23	2259.6	(2083.4, 2446.7)	2686	1.98b	(1.79, 2.18)	< 0.001	895	1.99	415	(388.3, 443.1)	21564
Cirrhosis	1260	2.49	4676.2	(4421.6, 4941.8)	2694	683	1.35	2490	(2306.7, 2683.9)	2743	1.88b	(1.71, 2.06)	< 0.001	900	1.96	409.6	(383.2, 437.2)	21974
Liver decompensation hepatorenal syndrome	20	0.04	70.5	(43.1, 108.9)	2837	6	0.01	21	(7.7, 45.7)	2859	3.36b	(1.35, 8.36)	0.009	54	0.11	23.2	(17.4, 30.3)	23278
Liver failure	14	0.00%	49.5	(27.0, 83.0)	2831	4	0.01	14	(3.8, 35.9)	2852	3.53a	(1.16, 10.71)	0.03	43	0.09	18.5	(13.4, 24.9)	23217
Hepatic coma/encephalopathy	8	0.02	28.2	(12.2, 55.6)	2835	6	0.01	21	(7.7, 45.7)	2856	1.34	(0.47, 3.87)	0.59	38	0.08	16.3	(11.6, 22.4)	23261
Ascites	22	0.04	77.9	(48.8, 117.9)	2826	10	0.02	35.1	(16.8, 64.6)	2847	2.22a	(1.05, 4.68)	0.04	82	0.17	35.4	(28.1, 43.9)	23176
Variceal bleeding	37	0.07	132.5	(93.3, 182.6)	2793	12	0.02	42.6	(22.0, 74.5)	2,815	3.11b	(1.62, 5.96)	< 0.001	85	0.18	37.1	(29.7, 45.9)	22898
Curative treatment to HCC	9	0.02	32.3	(14.8, 61.3)	2786	16	0.03	57	(32.6, 92.6)	2807	0.57	(0.25, 1.28)	0.17	93	0.2	40.7	(32.9, 49.9)	22,828
Hepatic resection	4	0.01	14.2	(3.9, 36.4)	2815	10	0.02	35.3	(16.9, 64.8)	2836	0.4	(0.13, 1.28)	0.12	64	0.13	27.7	(21.4, 35.4)	23072
Liver transplantation	3	0.01	10.6	(2.2, 30.9)	2835	1	0	3.5	(0.1, 19.5)	2856	NA	NA	NA	6	0.01	2.6	(0.9, 5.6)	23268
Radiofrequency ablation of liver	2	0	7.1	(0.9, 25.6)	2822	5	0.01	17.6	(5.7, 41.0)	2,843	0.4	(0.08, 2.08)	0.28	41	0.09	17.7	(12.7, 24.0)	23137
Non-curative treatment to HCC	37	0.07	136.1	(95.8, 187.6)	2719	30	0.06	109.6	(73.9, 156.4)	2738	1.24	(0.77, 2.01)	0.38	289	0.63	129.5	(115.0, 145.4)	22309
Transarterial chemoembolization	9	0.02	31.9	(14.6, 60.6)	2817	11	0.02	38.8	(19.4, 69.4)	2837	0.82	(0.34, 1.99)	0.67	64	0.13	27.7	(21.3, 35.4)	23096
Radiotherapy to liver	0	0	0	NA	2845	1	0	3.5	(0.1, 19.4)	2866	NA	(0.00, 0.00)	NA	3	0.01	1.3	(0.3, 3.8)	23338
Systemic chemotherapy or immunotherapy	28	0.06	102	(67.8, 147.5)	2744	21	0.04	76	(47.0, 116.2)	2763	1.34	(0.76, 2.36)	0.31	261	0.56	115.9	(102.2, 130.8)	22527
Palliative care	221	0.44	805	(702.3, 918.4)	2745	50	0.1	180.5	(134.0, 238.0)	2770	4.46b	(3.28, 6.06)	< 0.001	447	0.96	198.1	(180.2, 217.3)	22565

¹IRR > 1 (or < 1) indicates COVID-19 patients had higher (lower) risk of clinical outcome compared to the matched control group. IRR was estimated only if the total number of events in the two comparison groups were greater than 1.

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01. IRR is considered statistically significant, with indicates ^aP < 0.05 and indicates ^bP < 0.01. HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HR: Hazard ratio; IRR: Incidence rate ratio; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.