Effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on incidence and treatment strategies of hepatocellular carcinoma in people with chronic liver disease

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of chronic liver disease patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and chronic liver disease patients without coronavirus disease 2019 (matched controls) after 1:1 propensity score matching

Baseline characteristics	After matching
	2020-2022				2020					2021					2022
	COVID-19 patients (n = 55163)		Control (n = 55163)		SMD	COVID-19 patients (n = 2397)		Control (n = 2397)		SMD	COVID-19 patients (n = 375)		Control (n = 375)		SMD	COVID-19 patients (n = 52391)		Control (n = 52391)		SMD
	n/Mean	%/SD	n/Mean	%/SD		n/Mean	%/SD	n/Mean	%/SD		n/Mean	%/SD	n/Mean	%/SD		n/Mean	%/SD	n/Mean	%/SD
Age, yr1	58.8	14.7	58.7	13.9	0.01	54.8	17.2	54.5	16.2	0.02	57.6	15.6	57.5	14.2	0	59	14.5	58.9	13.8	0.01
≤ 50	15482	-28.1	14659	-26.6	0.03	878	-36.6	906	-37.8	0.02	127	-33.9	110	-29.3	0.1	14477	-27.6	13643	-26	0.04
> 50	39681	-71.9	40504	-73.4		1519	-63.4	1491	-62.2		248	-66.1	265	-70.7		37914	-72.4	38748	-74
Sex					0.01					0.03					0.05					0.01
Male	28244	-51.2	28484	-51.6		1274	-53.1	1244	-51.9		192	-51.2	183	-48.8		26778	-51.1	27057	-51.6
Female	26919	-48.8	26679	-48.4		1123	-46.9	1153	-48.1		183	-48.8	192	-51.2		25613	-48.9	25334	-48.4
Fully vaccinated	27633	-50.1	27576	-50	0	0	0	0	0	NA	0	0	0	0	NA	27633	-52.7	27576	-52.6	0
Pre-existing comorbidities
Charlson's Comorbidity Index1,2	3.2	2.3	3.1	2.2	0.04	2.3	1.9	2.4	1.9	0	2.5	1.8	2.5	1.6	0	3.2	2.3	3.1	2.2	0.05
0-4	42972	-77.9	44994	-81.6	0.09	2153	-89.8	2145	-89.5	0.01	334	-89.1	340	-90.7	0.11	40485	-77.3	42509	-81.1	0.1
5-6	8338	-15.1	7168	-13		191	-8	200	-8.3		33	-8.8	32	-8.5		8114	-15.5	6936	-13.2
7-16	3853	-7	3001	-5.4		53	-2.2	52	-2.2		8	-2.1	3	-0.8		3792	-7.2	2946	-5.6
Cirrhosis	1898	-3.4	1737	-3.1	0.02	11	-0.5	41	-1.7	0.12	2	-0.5	4	-1.1	0.06	1885	-3.6	1692	-3.2	0.02
HCC	1199	-2.2	1189	-2.2	0	5	-0.2	24	-1	0.1	0	0	2	-0.5	0.1	1194	-2.3	1163	-2.2	0
Liver decompensation	1563	-2.8	1420	-2.6	0.02	14	-0.6	41	-1.7	0.11	1	-0.3	4	-1.1	0.1	1548	-3	1375	-2.6	0.02
Hepatorenal syndrome	158	-0.3	160	-0.3	0	2	-0.1	3	-0.1	0.01	0	0	0	0	0.07	156	-0.3	157	-0.3	0
Liver failure	298	-0.5	303	-0.5	0	5	-0.2	15	-0.6	0.06	0	0	1	-0.3	0.07	293	-0.6	287	-0.5	0
Hepatic coma/encephalopathy	218	-0.4	159	-0.3	0.02	0	0	0	0	NA	1	-0.3	0	0	0.07	217	-0.4	159	-0.3	0.02
Ascites	394	-0.7	330	-0.6	0.01	5	-0.2	5	-0.2	0	0	0	0	0	NA	389	-0.7	325	-0.6	0.01
Variceal bleeding	973	-1.8	842	-1.5	0.02	6	-0.3	24	-1	0.1	0	0	3	-0.8	0.13	967	-1.8	815	-1.6	0.02
Treatment for HCC used before index date
Curative treatment to HCC	1111	-2	1065	-1.9	0.01	4	-0.2	25	-1	0.11	0	0	3	-0.8	0.13	1107	-2.1	1037	-2	0.01
Non-curative treatment to HCC	2388	-4.3	2125	-3.9	0.02	19	-0.8	53	-2.2	0.12	0	0	4	-1.1	0.15	2369	-4.5	2068	-3.9	0.03
Palliative care	1811	-3.3	1675	-3	0.01	20	-0.8	43	-1.8	0.08	1	-0.3	8	-2.1	0.17	1790	-3.4	1624	-3.1	0.02

¹Age, and Charlson Comorbidity index are presented in mean ± SD.

²The calculation of Charlson Comorbidity Index does not include Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.

COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; NA: Not available; SMD: Standardized mean difference.