Current status of drug therapy for alveolar echinococcosis

Table 2 Synthetic compounds for anti-alveolar echinococcosis therapy

Treatment plan		In vitro or in vivo	Treatment effect
Anti-angiogenic drugs	Anacardic acid	In vitro + in vivo	Inhibit AE progression
	Sunitinib	In vitro + in vivo	Inhibit AE progression
	Sorafenib	In vivo	Inhibit AE progression
Anti-tumour drugs	Imatinib	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
	Bortezomib	In vitro + in vivo	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
	2-ME2	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	3-BrPA	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	Genistein	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
	Lonidamine	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
	Doxorubicin	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	Tamoxifen	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	5-fluorouracil	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	Paclitaxel	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	Nilotinib	In vitro	No therapeutic effect
	Everolimus	In vitro	No therapeutic effect
Immunosuppressants	PD-1/PD-L1 MAbs	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	TIGIT MAbs	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	IFN-γ	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
	IFNα-2α	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
	IL-12	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
	Cyclosporin A	In vitro	No therapeutic effect
Anti-infective drugs	Amphotericin B	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	Pseudolaric acid B	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	Itraconazole	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
	Macrolide antibiotic clarithromycin	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
	Buparvaquone	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
Antimalarial drugs and insecticides	Mefloquine	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	Artemisinin	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
	Thiacloprid	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	Carbazole aminoalcohols	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	Triclabendazole	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
	Clorsulon	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
Other synthetic compounds and drugs carriers	Verapamil	In vitro + in vivo	Better therapeutic effect
	Dithiocarbamate Derivatives	In vitro	Inhibit E. multilocularis growth
	PLGA	In vivo	Better therapeutic effect

IL-12: Interleukin-12; PLGA: Polylactic-co-glycolic acid; 2-ME2: 2-methoxyestradiol; 3-BrPA: 3-bromopyruvate; PD-1: Programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1: Programmed cell death ligand 1; MAbs: Monoclonal antibodies; TIGIT: T-cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain; IFN: Interferon; AE: Alveolar echinococcosis.