Role of fecal microbiota transplant in management of hepatic encephalopathy: Current trends and future directions

Table 3 Comparison of different modes of fecal microbiota transplant delivery

Mode of delivery		Advantage	Disadvantage
Upper gastrointestinal tract	Nasogastric	Faster; Comparatively less expensive; Better tolerability	Risk of aspiration; Discomfort; Increased risk of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
	Nasojejunal	Faster; Comparatively less expensive; Better tolerability	Risk of aspiration; Risk of bowel perforation; Increased risk of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
	Oral capsule	Least invasive; Cost-effective; Easy to store	Risk of aspiration; Vomiting; Sometimes failure to reach intestinal target
Lower gastrointestinal tract	Colonoscopy	Direct visualization of GI tract; Standard risks of sedation and procedural intervention	Risk of bowel perforation; Higher cost of performing procedure
	Retention enema	Useful in patients with severe colitis or colon distention to avoid perforation; Less invasive as compared to colonoscopy	Difficulty to retain transplanted stool; Need for repeated small volume infusion; Possible retention in patients with poor sphincter tone