Cerebrospinal fluid liver pseudocyst: A bizarre long-term complication of ventriculoperitoneal shunt: A case report

Table 1 Summary table of reported cases of the liver cerebrospinal pseudocysts in patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunts

Ref.	Year	Age	Sex	Cyst location	Etiology of hydrocephalus	Treatment	Follow-up (wk)	Outcome
Current case	2023	49	M	Intra-axial	Congenital	Robotic laparoscopic pseudocyst fenestration, partial hepatectomy, and a repositioning of VPS	4	Complete resolution of symptoms without any complications
Achufusi et al[5]	2020	39	F	N/A	Congenital	Laparotomy with pseudocyst drainage followed by removal of VPS and insertion of new VPS		Complete resolution of pseudocyst; no recurrence
Arsanious and Sribnick[8]	2019	21	F	N/A	Meningitis	Laparotomy and pseudocyst drainage with externalization and repositioning of VPS	6	Complete resolution of pseudocyst; no recurrence
Koide et al[6]	2019	12	M	Extra-axial	Myelomeningocele	US-PCA of pseudocyst with externalization of VPS followed by reinsertion of new VPS	3	Complete resolution of pseudocyst; no recurrence
Bettis et al[7]	2019	56	M	Intra-axial	Trauma	N/A	N/A	N/A
Canaz et al[9]	2017	34	F	Extra-axial	NPH	Laparotomy and pseudocyst drainage followed by repositioning of VPS	36	Spontaneous resolution of hepatic CSF pseudocysts
Canaz et al[9]	2017	25	F	Extra-axial	Meningitis	Laparotomy and pseudocyst drainage followed by repositioning of VPS	24	Pseudocysts were spontaneously reabsorbed and post op CSF culture showed cyst fluid was sterile
Tomiyama et al[10]	2014	50	F	N/A	SAH	VPS removal and reinsertion and cyst drainage	8	No recurrence of intraperitoneal pseudocyst on post-operative abdominal scans and improvement in hydrocephalus on brain CT
Dabdoub et al[4]	2013	40	M	Intra-axial	Trauma	VPS removal and reinsertion and cyst drainage	36	No clinical recurrence of hepatic CSF pseudocysts
Verma et al[11]	2012	35	M	Intra- and extra-axial	Tumor	Pseudocyst aspiration and externalization of shunt followed by reinsertion	3	Complete resolution of cyst on abdominal ultrasound
Berkmann et al[13]	2011	34	F	N/A	Congenital	Laparoscopic shunt removal and new shunt re-insertion	24	No recurrence and no adverse events
Peltier et al[12]	2011	49	M	Extra-axial	Meningitis	Ultrasound guided aspiration and repositioning of shunt	1	Complete resolution of the cyst; no recurrence
Faraj et al[3]	2011	18	M	Intra-axial	Bacterial meningitis	Laparotomy and pseudocyst drainage followed by repositioning of shunt	N/A	Patient made a full recovery
Kolić et al[14]	2010	30	F	Intra-axial	SAH	Ultrasound guided aspiration and external ventricular drainage	4	Patient died due to sepsis- 1 mo after hepatic CSF pseudocyst drainage
Aparici-Robles and Molina-Fabrega[15]	2008	22-50	F (4), M (2)	Intra-axial	Abscess; tumor; meningitis; and SAH	Laparotomy with pseudocyst drainage and repositioning of shunt		Relapse in 2 out of 6 patients (5-6 mo)
Banka et al[17]	2007	7	M	N/A	Myelomeningocele	Repositioning of shunt
Kaplan et al[16]	2007	10	F	Extra-axial	Tumor	Laparotomy and pseudocyst drainage followed by repositioning of shunt
Hsieh et al[18]	2006	39	M	Extra-axial	Trauma	Externalization of shunt followed by reinsertion		Patient made full recovery and cysts were fully resolved (1 mo)
Koçak et al[28]	2004	15	F	Extra-axial	Tuberculosis meningitis	Ultrasound aspiration and distal end removal followed by new shunt reinsertion		Almost complete resolution of the cyst observed after 1 wk
Chitkara et al[19]	2004	5	F	Intra-axial	Noncommunicating	Externalization of shunt followed by reinsertion		Follow up done at 3 mo- patient was entirely asymptomatic and cyst had completely resolved
Kumar et al[20]	1995	23	M	N/A	Meningitis	Ultrasound aspiration and distal end removal
Engelhard and Miller[21]	1992	20	M	N/A	Congenital	Removal of shunt and reinsertion
Wang and Miller[22]	1989	3	M	Extra-axial	Congenital	Pseudocyst resection and distal end revision		N/A
Touho et al[24]	1987	66	M	N/A	Trauma	Repositioning of shunt
Wolbers et al[23]	1987	29	F	Extra-axial	Tumor	Repositioning of shunt		Patient made full recovery(2 yrs)
Rana et al[25]	1985	12	M	Intra-axial	Tumor	Repositioning of shunt		Complete resolution of cyst in follow up CT scan
Latchaw and Hahn[26]	1981	40	M	Intra-axial	Aqueductal stenosis	Drainage of hepatic pseudocyst and repositioning of the shunt
Fischer and Shillito[27]	1969	3	F	Extra-axial	Aqueductal stenosis	Drainage of hepatic pseudocyst and lumboperitoneal shunt		Patient did not experience or report any adverse complications (10 mo)

Summary table of reported cases of extra and intra axial hepatic cysts. Data from reports stratified by date published, age of patient, gender, location of cyst, etiology, treatment and follow up outcomes. M: Male; F: Female; VPS: Ventriculoperitoneal shunt; N/A: Not available; US-PCA: Ultrasound guided percutaneous aspiration; CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid; NPH: Normal pressure hydrocephalus; SAH: Subarachnoid hemorrhage; CT: Computed tomography.