Comparison between metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: From nomenclature to clinical outcomes

Table 2 Studies evaluating the risk of chronic kidney disease in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and Metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease

Study	Number of patients	Type of Study	Outcome measure	Results
Sun et al[177]	12571	Cross-sectional study	Association between MAFLD and NALFD with CKD	MAFLD patients had lower GFR (74.96 ± 18.21) and higher prevalence of CKD (29.6%)
Liang et al[168]	6873	Cohort Study with a 4.6 yr follow up	Associations of MAFLD and NAFLD with T2DM, CKD, and CVD	MAFLD was associated with a higher risk of CKD (RR 1.64; 95%CI, 1.39-1.94). Similar associations were observed for NAFLD, except for a higher incidence of DM in MAFLD patients with HBV infection and excess alcohol consumption.
Deng et al[178]	4869	A cross-sectional study from the NHANES database 2017 – 2018	Association between MAFLD and CKD	Higher prevalence of CKD in MAFLD subjects than in non-MALFD subjects (22.2% vs 19.1%, P = 0.048)
Wang et al[169]	12183	Cross-sectional study (SPECT – China)	Compare the cardiovascular and renal burden between MAFLD and NAFLD patients	OR of CKD was higher in males with NAFLD [CKD: 1.44 (1.05, 1.96) vs 1.56 (1.14, 2.12)] than those with MAFLD
Su et al[179]	5594	Cross-sectional study	Association between MAFLD and CKD	MAFLD was independently associated with an increased risk of CKD [odds ratio (OR): 1.35, 95%CI: 1.09-1.67]. MAFLD with T2DM had significant associations with increased risk of CKD (OR: 2.85, 95%CI: 2.24-3.63), as well as increased eGFR and UACR
Hu et al[180]	15010	Cross-sectional study	Association between MAFLD and CKD	MAFLD was significantly associated with a higher CKD prevalence (OR 1.715, 95%CI 1.389-2.117, P < 0.001). MAFLD alone was not an independent risk factor for CKD
Hashimoto et al[181]	27371	Cross-sectional study	Association between FLD and MAFLD with CKD	MAFLD was associated with the risk of incident CKD [adjusted hazard ratio 1.24 (1.14-1.36), P < 0.001], whereas FLD without MD was not [1.11 (0.85-1.41), P = 0.433]
Zhang et al[170]	19617	A retrospective nationwide cohort study	Renal burdens in adults with MAFLD and NAFLD	The cardiorenal burden may be greater for MAFLD than for NAFLD
Jung et al[161]	268946	A retrospective nationwide cohort study	Association between MAFLD and NALFD with CKD	The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for incident CKD in MAFLD was 1.18 (95%CI, 1.01-1.39; P = 0.040) compared to those with NAFLD
Tanaka et al[182]	13159	Retrospective single-center study	Associations of FL, NAFLD, and MAFLD with the development of CKD	MAFLD [HR (95%CI): 1.12 (1.02-1.26), P = 0.027], but not FL or NAFLD, was an independent risk factor for incident CKD

MAFLD: Metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; FL: Fatty liver; FLD: Fatty liver disease; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; CVR: Cardiovascular risk; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; HR: Hazard ratio; RR: Relative risk; aHR: Adjusted hazard ratio; CI: Confidence Interval; OR: Odds ratio.