Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents in chronic liver diseases: Molecular mechanisms and therapy

Table 2 Clinical trials for evaluating the efficacy of compounds in liver disease

Treatment	Trial number	Phase	Aims or results
Curcumin	NCT02908152	2-3	To investigate the effects of curcumin supplements on metabolic factors and hepatic fibrosis in NAFLD patients with T2DM
	NCT04109742	2	To test the effect of curcumin in pediatric patients with NAFLD
Empagliflozin	NCT03867487	2	To evaluate the preliminary feasibility, initial efficacy, and safety of empagliflozin as a SGLT2 inhibitor for treating NAFLD in adolescents with obesity
	NCT04642261	4	To test the effects of empagliflozin on reducing hepatic fat content as measured by MRI-PDFF in NAFLD patients without DM
Gastrodin	NCT04035824	4	To treat hypertension together with Uncaria
Genistein	IRCT201312132480N5	3	Oral supplementation of genistein (250 mg) for 8 wk can decrease insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation and improve lipid metabolism in patients with NAFLD
Lactoferrin	NCT04335058	None	To test the effect of lactoferrin with iron versus iron alone in the treatment of anemia in CLD
Selenium	NCT00271245	None	To test the effect of selenium in patients with cirrhosis
	NCT01650181	4	To test the impacts using siliphos-selenium-methionine-alpha lipoic acid plus metformin versus metformin in patients with fatty liver and NASH
Silymarin	NCT00389376	1	An increase in silymarin is observed in NAFLD patients, compared to that in patients with HCV
	NCT00680407	2	The effect of silymarin on NASH patients remains inconclusive due to the lack of a substantial number of patients
Telmisartan	NCT02213224	4	To evaluate the therapeutic effects of telmisartan and perindopril for NAFLD patients with hypertension

T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; SGLT2: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2; MRI-PDFF: Magnetic resonance imaging-derived proton density fat fraction; CLD: Chronic liver disease; NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; HCV: Hepatitis C virus.