Progress on traditional Chinese medicine in improving hepatic fibrosis through inhibiting oxidative stress

Table 4 Traditional Chinese medicine formulas improve hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting oxidative stress

No.	Traditional Chinese medicine formulas	Composition	Efficacy	Model	Upregulated molecules	Downregulated molecules	Mechanism	Ref.
1	Yin-Chen-Hao-Tang	Artemisia annua L. 18 g, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis 12 g, Rheum palmatum 6 g	Clearing heat and promoting diuresis to relieve dampness and jaundice	Rat		Col-I, α-SMA, TGF-β, HYP, ROS	Alleviating hepatic fibrosis by enhancing antioxidant capacity, reducing ROS levels, suppressing OS, and inhibiting inflammatory response	Lee et al[106], Mountford et al[108], Chen et al[109]
2	Xiaochaihu Tang (XCHT)	Bupleurum root 12 g, Scutellaria baicalensis 9 g, Ginseng 6g, Pinellia ternata 9 g, Roasted Licorice 5 g, Fresh Ginger 9 g, 4 Red Dates	Soothing liver and relieving depression, regulating stomach and lowering qi counterflow, tonifying qi and strengthening spleen, clearing liver and purging fire	Rat	Nrf2, Nqo1, HO-2, GCLC, GCLM	α-SMA, HA, PCIII, LN	Activating the Nrf2 pathway can attenuate OS and further suppress activated HSCs, thereby improving hepatic fibrosis	Li et al[111], Hu et al[112]
3	Fu Zheng Hua Yu Fang	Salvia miltiorrhiza, Fermented Cordyceps sinensis powder, Peach kernel, Pine pollen, Lycopodium clavatum, Schisandra chinensis (processed)	Activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis, nourishing essence and nurturing liver	Mice		α-SMA, Nqo1, HO-2, GCLC, GCLM, TIMP1, TGF-β1, TGF-RI, PDGF-Rβ, MDA, Col-1aI, TGF-βRI, PDGF-β, MCP-1, MIP-1 mRNA	Effectively suppressing the production of liver ROS, inhibiting OS, and exerting anti-fibrotic effects	Jiang et al[116]
4	CGX	Artemisia annua 5g, Trionyx sinensis shell 5g, Radish seed 5g; White Atractylodes 3g, Pogostemon cablin 3g, Alisma orientale 3g, White Atractylodes 3g, Salvia miltiorrhiza 3g; Poria cocos 2g, Aurantium fruit 2g, Amomum cardamomum 2g, Licorice 1g, Saussurea costus 1g	Clearing liver and activating blood circulation, strengthening spleen and transforming dampness	Rat	GSH-Px, GSH-Rd, GST, SOD, IFN-γ	MDA, PDGF-BB, TGF-β1, CTGF	It inhibits the levels of liver tissue HYP and MDA, while increasing the total GSH content and the activity of GSH-oxidation reduction system enzymes, which suppresses OS and exerts its anti-hepatic fibrosis effects	Kim et al[134]
5	Huangjia Ruangan Granule	Astragalus membranaceus,Trionyx sinensis shell, Pueraria lobata root, Bupleurum root, Ganoderma lucidum,Paeonia lactiflora, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Panax notoginseng, Lycopodium clavatum, Phyllanthus urinaria	Regulating qi and soothing liver, activating blood circulation and relieving hardness	Rat	SOD, GSH	PC-III, Col-IV, LN, HA, α-SMA, MDA, MPO, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, Cox-2, iNOS, TNFR1, p-IκBα, p-P65/P65, p-ERK/ERK, p-JNK/JNK, MAPK p-P38/P38	Antagonizing OS effectively inhibits hepatic fibrosis by regulating TNF/MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways to suppress liver inflammation	Cai et al[135]

α-SMA: Alpha-smooth-muscle actin; OS: Oxidative stress; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; GSH: Glutathione; IL: Interleukin; IFN: Interferon; Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor; HSC: Hepatic stellate cell.