Progress on traditional Chinese medicine in improving hepatic fibrosis through inhibiting oxidative stress

Table 3 Single herbal extracts improve hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting oxidative stress

No.	Single herbal extracts	Model	Upregulated molecules	Downregulated molecules	Mechanism	Ref.
1	Salvia miltiorrhiza	Mice	SOD, GSH	Col-1/III, TGF-β, MDA, IL-1α, TNF-α	Reducing MDA content, increasing SOD activity and GSH content, and suppressing OS while also reducing TNF-α and IL-1α can improve hepatic fibrosis	Zhang et al[94]
2	Ginkgo biloba leaf	Rat		MDA, TGF-β1, Col-1	Effectively regulating the OS thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis	Al-Attar et al[100]
3	Clove basil	Rat	CAT	α-SMA, Col-α	Inhibiting OS can significantly suppress HSC activation, as well as the expressions of α-SMA and Col-α, exhibiting its anti-hepatic fibrosis properties	Chiu et al[103]
4	Ceratonia siliqua pod	Mice	GSH, SOD, CAT, GST, GPx, GR	TIMP-2, NO	Inhibiting the production of LPO and NO, increasing the content of GSH, and restoring the activity of antioxidant enzymes can suppress OS, granuloma formation, and hepatic fibrosis	Al-Olayan et al[129]
5	Grape seed	Rat	AOC, GSH	TNF-α, MDA, MPO	Inhibiting neutrophil infiltration and lipid peroxidation, suppressing OS, restoring the oxidative and antioxidant status in tissues can help protect against hepatic fibrosis	Dulundu et al[130]
6	Pomegranate	Rat	SOD, GST, CAT, Nrf2	NF-κB, α-SMA, Cox-2	Reducing OS by regulating Nrf2 and NF-κB can eliminate hepatic fibrosis	Husain et al[131]
7	Taraxacum officinale root	Mice	SOD, mt I/II	α-SMA	Inhibiting OS, inducing HSC inactivation and enhancing liver regeneration capacity are effective in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis	Domitrović et al[132]
8	Myrtus communis	Rat	GSH, SOD	TNF-α, IL-1β, MDA, MPO, TGF-β	Its antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities protect liver tissue from OS damage after bile duct ligation , thereby exerting its anti-fibrotic effects	Sen et al[133]

α-SMA: Alpha-smooth-muscle actin; OS: Oxidative stress; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; GSH: Glutathione; IL: Interleukin; Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor; HSC: Hepatic stellate cell.