Influence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease on non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: A nationwide analysis

Table 1 Comparison of demographics, comorbidities, and hospital stay information

Variable	GI bleeding without NAFLD (n = 752980)	GI bleeding with NAFLD (n = 46805)	P value
Age (yr)			< 0.001
mean ± SD	69.3 ± 0.1	64.6 ± 0.2
Sex			< 0.001
Male	374615 (49.8%)	21805 (46.6%)
Female	378210 (50.2%)	24985 (53.4%)
Race			< 0.001
White	515935 (68.5%)	31705 (67.7%)
Black	108520 (14.4%)	3965 (8.5%)
Hispanic	61990 (8.2%)	7030 (15%)
Other	46220 (6.1%)	3000 (6.4%)
Insurance			< 0.001
Medicare	521895 (69.3%)	28550 (61%)
Medicaid	67665 (9%)	5460 (11.7%)
Private	122560 (16.3%)	9670 (20.7%)
Self-pay	23575 (3.1%)	1805 (3.9%)
Other	16250 (2.2%)	1240 (2.6%)
Hospital location			< 0.001
Rural	82535 (11%)	3745 (8%)
Urban nonteaching	189130 (25.1%)	11245 (24%)
Urban teaching	481315 (63.9%)	31815 (68%)
Hospital bedsize			< 0.001
Small	162810 (21.6%)	8810 (18.8%)
Medium	236145 (31.4%)	14245 (30.4%)
Large	354025 (47%)	23750 (50.7%)
Hospital region
Northeast	152290 (20.2%)	7440 (15.9%)
Midwest	163005 (21.6%)	9370 (20%)
South	301330 (40%)	19790 (42.3%)
West	136355 (18.1%)	10205 (21.8%)
Chronic pulmonary disease			< 0.001
0	608815 (80.9%)	39505 (84.4%)
1	144165 (19.1%)	7300 (15.6%)
Hypertension			< 0.001
0	241235 (32%)	18195 (38.9%)
1	511745 (68%)	28610 (61.1%)
Diabetes			< 0.001
0	527140 (70%)	26170 (55.9%)
1	225840 (30%)	20635 (44.1%)
Obesity			< 0.001
0	670225 (89%)	38385 (82%)
1	82755 (11%)	8420 (18%)
Peripheral vascular disease			< 0.001
0	700625 (93%)	44630 (95.4%)
1	52355 (7%)	2175 (4.6%)
Smoker			0.598
0	658350 (87.4%)	40765 (87.1%)
1	94630 (12.6%)	6040 (12.9%)
Valvular disease			< 0.001
0	736900 (97.9%)	46255 (98.8%)
1	16080 (2.1%)	550 (1.2%)
Colorectal cancer			0.287
0	747345 (99.3%)	46380 (99.1%)
1	5635 (0.7%)	425 (0.9%)
Number of Elixhauser comorbidities			< 0.001
0	89900 (11.9%)	5195 (11.1%)
1	191920 (25.5%)	12280 (26.2%)
2	233635 (31%)	14935 (31.9%)
3 +	237525 (31.5%)	14395 (30.8%)
Disposition			< 0.001
Routine	13685 (1.8%)	825 (1.8%)
Short-term hospital	448085 (59.5%)	29620 (63.3%)
Skilled nursing facility	21130 (2.8%)	1775 (3.8%)
Home health care	148465 (19.7%)	6550 (14%)
Died in-hospital	100955 (13.4%)	6090 (13%)
Other	20205 (2.7%)	1920 (4.1%)

GI: Gastrointestinal; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.