A retrospective study on use of palliative care for patients with alcohol related end stage liver disease in United States

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of cohort

Variable	Overall	Patients with palliative consult	Patients without palliative consult	P value
Number of patients	973246	47423	925823
Patient characteristics
Female	276401 (28.4%)	14037 (29.6%)	262933 (28.4%)	< 0.001
Age in yr	54.7 ± 004	57.2 ± 0.1	54.5 ± 0.04	< 0.001
Age divided into categories
18-35	36010 (3.7%)	1327 (2.8%)	33329 (3.6%)	< 0.001
36-45	108030 (11.1%)	3604 (7.4%)	103692 (11.2%)	< 0.001
46-65	625797 (64.3%)	28975 (61.1%)	595304 (64.3%)	< 0.001
> 66	204381 (21%)	13136 (27.7%)	191645 (20.7%)	< 0.001
Race
White	660834 (67.2%)	33433 (70.5%)	614746 (66.4%)	< 0.001
Black	96351 (9.9%)	4647 (9.8%)	95359 (10.3%)	< 0.001
Hispanic	160585 (16.5%)	6544 (13.8%)	161093 (17.4%)	< 0.001
Other	60341 (6.2%)	2940 (6.2%)	57401 (6.2%)	0.532
Charleston comorbidity index
0 or 1	118736 (12.2%)	2371 (5%)	116653 (12.6%)	< 0.001
2	46715 (4.1%)	948 (2%)	38884 (4.2%)	< 0.001
3 or more	854509 (87.8%)	45051 (95%)	809169 (87.4%)	< 0.001
Median income in patient zip code
$1–$38999	297813 (30.6%)	13894 (29.3%)	283301 (30.6%)	0.003
$39000–$47999	255963 (26.3%)	12946 (27.3%)	245343 (26.5%)	0.004
$48000–$62999	231632 (23.8%)	11144 (23.5%)	220345 (23.8%)	0.133
> $63000	187836 (19.3%)	9389 (19.8%)	178683 (19.3%)	< 0.001
Insurance provider
Medicare	341609 (35.1%)	17878 (37.7%)	328667 (35.5%)	< 0.001
Medicaid	260829 (26.8%)	12045 (25.4%)	249046 (26.9%)	< 0.001
Private	255963 (26.3%)	12282 (25.9%)	243491 (26.3%)	< 0.001
Uninsured	114843 (11.8%)	5216 (11%)	109247 (11.8%)	< 0.001
Hospital characteristics
Teaching hospital	514847 (52.9%)	28690 (60.5%)	486982 (52.6%)	< 0.001
Urban hospital	891493 (91.6%)	44387 (93.6%)	847128 (91.5%)	< 0.001
Hospital region
Northeast	177130 (18.2%)	6828 (14.4%)	170351 (18.4%)	< 0.001
Midwest	199515 (20.5%)	9911 (20.9%)	189793 (20.5%)	0.832
South	345502 (35.5%)	16692 (35.2%)	328667 (35.5%)	0.104
West	251097 (25.8%)	13989 (29.5%)	237010 (25.6%)	< 0.001
Hospital size
Small	122628 (12.6%)	4931 (10.4%)	118505 (12.8%)	< 0.001
Medium	258883 (26.6%)	12756 (26.9%)	246268 (26.6%)	0.002
Large	590760 (60.7%)	29734 (62.7%)	561048 (60.6%)	< 0.001
Hospital complications
Variceal bleed	114843 (11.8%)	4789 (10.1%)	110428 (11.9%)	< 0.001
HRS	22619 (7.2%)	14942 (23.8%)	75917 (8.2%)	< 0.001
Hepatic encephalopathy	321171 (33%)	24375 (51.4%)	322186 (34.8%)	< 0.001
Ascites	605359 (62.2%)	34191 (72.1%)	565677 (61.1%)	< 0.001
SBP	23357 (2.4%)	1659 (3.5%)	21293 (2.3%)	< 0.001
Hepatocellular carcinoma	60341 (6.2%)	5927 (12.5%)	49994 (5.4%)	< 0.001
NACSELD-ACLF score
0	495382 (50.9%)	11191 (23.6%)	482353 (52.1%)	< 0.001
1	389298 (40%)	22810 (48.1%)	366625 (39.6%)	< 0.001
2	64234 (6.6%)	8536 (18%)	56475 (6.1%)	< 0.001
3	22384 (2.3%)	4505 (9.5%)	18516 (2%)	< 0.001
4	973 (0.1%)	426(0.9%)	925 (0.1%)	< 0.001
ACLF ≥ 2	89538 (9.2%)	13420 (28.3%)	76843 (8.3%)	< 0.001
Mean ACLF score	0.64	1.21	0.61	< 0.001

HRS: Hepatorenal syndrome; SBP: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis; NACSELD-ACLF: North American Consortium for the Study of End-Stage Liver Disease's definition of acute-on-chronic liver failure; ACLF: Acute-on-chronic liver failure.