Hereditary hemochromatosis: Temporal trends, sociodemographic characteristics, and independent risk factor of hepatocellular cancer – nationwide population-based study

Table 3 Univariate and multivariate analyses of clinical risk factors associated with liver cancer

Variables	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	Unadjusted odds ratio1 (95%CI)	P value	Adjusted odds ratio2 (95%CI)	P value
Hereditary hemochromatosis (without cirrhosis)	10.887 (4.376-27.087)	< 0.0001	28.838 (10.387-80.068)	< 0.0001
Alcoholic cirrhosis	14.398 (13.701-15.131)	< 0.0001	16.881 (15.949-17.868)	< 0.0001
Non-alcoholic cirrhosis	33.241 (31.732-34.822)	< 0.0001	17.446 (16.507-18.439)	< 0.0001
Biliary cirrhosis	12.278 (8.858-17.019)	< 0.0001	19.245 (13.439-27.557)	< 0.0001
NASH/NAFLD	7.393 (6.982-7.828)	< 0.0001	2.955 (2.732-3.196)	< 0.0001
Hepatitis B	16.711 (15.149-18.434)	< 0.0001	12.145 (10.848-13.597)	< 0.0001
Hepatitis C	19.488 (18.798-20.203)	< 0.0001	8.576 (8.195-8.975)	< 0.0001
Other viral hepatitis	2.978 (2.762-3.211)	< 0.0001	1.357 (1.216-1.514)	< 0.0001
HIV	1.666 (1.537-1.807)	< 0.0001	0.649 (0.571-0.737)	< 0.0001
Obesity	0.571 (0.556-0.587)	< 0.0001	0.614 (0.590-0.640)	< 0.0001
Diabetes mellitus with chronic complications	0.845 (0.825-0.866)	< 0.0001	0.855 (0.824-0.887)	< 0.0001
Diabetes mellitus without chronic complications	1.168 (1.145-1.192)	< 0.0001	1.168 (1.132-1.205)	< 0.0001
Hypertension	0.792 (0.779-0.806)	< 0.0001	0.850 (0.828-0.872)	< 0.0001
Blood transfusion	2.356 (2.255-2.463)	< 0.0001	1.801 (1.689-1.919)	< 0.0001
Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency	3.912 (2.669-5.735)	< 0.0001	2.100 (1.210-3.643)	0.0087
Disorders of porphyrin metabolism	5.145 (2.902-9.120)	< 0.0001	2.428 (1.163-5.066)	0.0187
Wilson disease	4.099 (1.800-9.332)	0.0008	4.269 (1.182-15.414)	0.0279
Smoking	1.204 (1.184-1.225)	< 0.0001	0.874 (0.851-0.897)	< 0.0001
opioids	1.412 (1.338-1.490)	< 0.0001	0.687 (0.631-0.749)	< 0.0001

¹Univariate analysis is performed with logistic regression.

²Multivariate analysis is performed with multi-level mixed effect models. HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.