Effect of probiotics on hemodynamic changes and complications associated with cirrhosis: A pilot randomized controlled trial

Table 1 Main indicators and drugs used of enrolled patients at inclusion by arms

	The test arm, n = 24	The control arm, n = 16	P value
Age, yr	48.5 (42.5-59.0)	53.5 (44.5-59.0)	0.730
Body mass index, kg/m2	25.4 (22.3-27.9)	26.5 (24.3-28.7)	0.553
Male/female	8/16	9/7	0.134
Etiology of cirrhosis: Alcohol	12 (50.0)	8 (50.0)	> 0.050
Metabolically associated fatty liver disease	2 (8.3)	0
HBV	2 (8.3)	0
HCV	3 (12.5)	2 (12.5)
Mixed	3 (12.5)	3 (18.8)
Cryptogenic	2 (8.3)	3 (18.8)
Child–Pugh score	9 (8-10)	9 (8-10)	0.730
Child–Pugh class, B/C	17/7	12/4	0.533
End-diastolic volume of the left ventricle, mL	109 (84-116)	100 (90-143)	0.689
Ejection fraction of the left ventricle, %	61.5 (59.4-62.8)	59.8 (57.5-62.0)	0.263
Stroke volume, mL	67 (52-72)	58 (55-82)	0.689
Heart rate, bpm	71 (69-75)	70 (69-74)	0.709
Cardiac output, L/min	4.8 (3.6-5.2)	4.4 (4.0-5.8)	0.473
Mean blood pressure, mmHg	84.7 (80.3-89.7)	87.3 (79.8-93.7)	0.499
Systemic vascular resistance, dyn· s· cm−5	1442 (1243-1874)	1470 (1255-1744)	0.945
Mean pulmonary artery pressure, mmHg	23.4 (22.1-25.8)	23.4 (20.9-26.4)	0.749
Esophageal varices (Grade 1), n (%)	8 (33.3)	6 (37.5)	0.338
Esophageal varices (Grade 2-3), n (%)	16 (66.7)	7 (43.8)
Minimal hepatic encephalopathy, n (%)	18 (75.0)	10 (62.5)	0.484
Overt hepatic encephalopathy, n (%)	2 (8.3)	2 (12.5)
Hepatic encephalopathy, n (%)	20 (83.3)	12 (75.0)	0.399
Ascites, n (%)	22 (91.7)	12 (75.0)	0.160
Minimal ascites, n (%)	15 (62.5)	6 (37.5)	0.249
Clinically significant ascites, n (%)	7 (29.2)	6 (37.5)
Red blood cells as 1012 cell/L	3.7 (3.3-4.3)	3.6 (3.1-4.1)	0.689
White blood cells as 109 cell/L	4.3 (3.2-5.6)	3.8 (2.6-7.2)	0.553
Platelets as 109 cell/ L	94 (69-107)	94 (48-104)	0.669
Serum total protein, g/L	73 (63-77)	70 (61-77)	0.649
Serum albumin, g/L	33 (31-36)	33 (29-37)	0.967
Serum total bilirubin, μmol/L	37 (27-64)	55 (29-67)	0.499
International normalized ratio	1.48 (1.39-1.68)	1.58 (1.31-1.73)	0.978
Serum cholesterol, mmol/L	4.1 (3.1-5.5)	3.5 (2.6-4.6)	0.230
Serum triglyceride, mmol/L	1.1 (0.7-1.4)	1.0 (0.7-1.4)	0.626
Serum creatinine, mg/dL	76 (65-88)	78 (70-105)	0.448
Serum sodium, mmol/L	140 (139-141)	141 (140-142)	0.235
Serum potassium, mmol/L	4.3 (4.0-4.8)	4.4 (4.1-4.6)	0.804
Serum glucose, mmol/L	4.7 (4.2-5.7)	4.8 (4.6-5.4)	0.464
Serum iron, μmol/L	13.9 (8.1-20.6)	11.3 (7.3-22.0)	0.761
Alanine aminotransferase, U/L	31 (20-46)	26 (20-51)	0.782
Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L	54 (34-72)	52 (38-79)	0.945
Gamma glutamyl transferase, U/L	82 (28-299)	84 (49-118)	0.934
Alkaline phosphatase, U/L	268 (221-395)	214 (173-274)	0.098
Cholinesterase, U/L	3650 (2861-3961)	3803 (2778-4215)	0.827
C-reactive protein, mg/L	9 (6-15)	7 (2-20)	0.347
Beta blockers, n (%)	17 (70.8)	11 (68.8)	0.580
Spironolactone, n (%)	22 (91.7)	14 (87.5)	0.529
Loop diuretics, n (%)	11 (45.8)	7 (43.8)	0.578
Ademetionine, n (%)	15 (62.5)	9 (56.3)	0.472
Entecavir or tenofovir, n (%)	2 (8.3)	0	0.354

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus.