Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease is associated with low muscle mass and strength in patients with chronic hepatitis B

Table 2 Univariate and multivariable analyses of variables associated with skeletal muscle abnormalities and function in 105 patients with chronic hepatitis B

Variables	Univariate analysis					Multivariable analysis
	Low ALMBMI
	Present n = 22	Absent n = 83	OR	95%CI	P value	OR	95%CI	P value
Male/Female n (%)	13 (59.1)/9 (40.9)	48 (57.8)/35 (42.2)	1.05	0.41-2.73	0.92	-	-	-
Age > 50 yr	13 (59.1)	33 (39.8)	2.19	0.84-5.70	0.1	1.03	0.98-1.08	0.2
High ABSI (m11/6.kg−2/3)	10 (45.5)	16 (19.3)	3.49	1.29-9.50	0.01	3.53	1.18-10.60	0.03
Compensated cirrhosis	9 (40.9)	16 (19.3)	2.9	1.06-7.96	0.03	1.64	0.51-5.27	0.41
MAFLD	11 (50.0)	18 (21.7)	3.61	1.35-9.68	0.008	3.81	1.30-11.19	0.02
Low IPAQ (< 600 met-min/wk)	19 (86.4)	46 (55.4)	5.09	1.40-18.55	0.01	3.13	1.17-8.32	0.02
Polypharmacy1	4 (18.2)	6 (7.2)	2.85	0.73-11.17	0.21	-	-	-
Variables	Low HGS
	Present n = 22	Absent n = 83	OR	95%CI	P value	OR	95%CI	P value
Male/Female n (%)	12 (54.5)/10 (45.5)	49 (59.0)/34 (41.0)	0.83	0.32-2.14	0.7	-	-	-
Age > 50 years	11 (50.0)	35 (42.2)	1.37	0.58-3.51	0.51	-	-	-
High ABSI (m11/6.kg−2/3)	10 (45.5)	16 (19.3)	3.49	1.29-9.50	0.01	3.54	1.26-9.89	0.02
Compensated cirrhosis	8 (36.4)	17 (20.5)	2.22	0.80-6.15	0.12	1.45	0.46-4.55	0.53
MAFLD	10 (45.5)	19 (22.9)	2.81	1.05-7.50	0.04	2.85	1.02-7.91	0.04
Low IPAQ (< 600 met-min/wk)	13 (59.1)	52 (62.7)	0.86	0.33-2.25	0.76	-	-	-
Polypharmacy1	5 (22.7)	5 (6.0)	4.59	1.19-17.63	0.02	3.13	0.74-13.22	0.12
Variables	Low physical performance
	Present n = 31	Absent n = 74	OR	95%CI	P value	OR	95%CI	P value
Male/Female n (%)	17 (54.8)/14 (45.2)	44 (59.5)/30 (40.5)	0.83	0.36-1.93	0.66	-	-	-
Age > 50 years	21 (67.7)	61 (82.4)	0.45	0.17-1.17	0.1	0.69	0.46-1.05	0.08
High ABSI (m11/6.kg−2/3)	7 (22.6)	19 (25.7)	0.84	0.32-2.27	0.74	-	-	-
Compensated cirrhosis	6 (19.4)	19 (25.7)	0.69	0.25-1.96	0.49	-	-	-
MAFLD	9 (29.0)	20 (27.0)	1.1	0.44-2.80	0.83	-	-	-
Low IPAQ (< 600 met-min/wk)	21 (67.7)	44 (59.5)	1.43	0.59-3.47	0.43	-	-	-
Polypharmacy1	6 (19.4)	4 (5.4)	4.2	1.09-16.13	0.06	5.69	1.38-23.44	0.02

¹Defined as regular use of at least five medications.

n: Number of patients; ALM_BMI: Low appendicular lean mass adjusted by body mass index; ABSI: A Body Shape Index; MAFLD: (Metabolic associated fatty liver disease) according to an international expert consensus statement [21]; IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire (normal: ≥ 600 METs-min/wk); HGS: Hand grip strength.