Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease is associated with low muscle mass and strength in patients with chronic hepatitis B

Table 1 Main characteristics of the patients with chronic hepatitis B according to sex (n = 105)

Variables	Total (n = 105)	Male (n = 61)	Female (n = 44)	P value
Demographic
Age (yr)1	48.5 ± 12.0	48.9 ± 12.9	48.0 ± 10.7	0.69
HBV infection
HBeAg negative n (%)	94 (89.5)	52 (85.2)	42 (95.5)	0.12
HBeAg positive n (%)	11 (10.5)	9 (14.8)	2 (4.5)
HBV-DNA log10 (IU)/mL2	3.23 (2.59; 4.33)	3.66 (2.75; 5.12)	2.97 (2.53; 3.70)	0.05
Phases of HBV infection3
HBeAg-positive or -negative HBV chronic infection n (%)	44 (41.9)	19 (31.2)	25 (56.8)	0.008
HBeAg-positive or -negative chronic hepatitis B n (%)	61 (58.1)	42 (68.8)	19 (43.2)
Time of HBV diagnosis (years)2	13.0 (5.0; 19.0)	19.5 (15.0; 24.0)	8.0 (4.0; 15.0)	0.17
Antiviral therapy
Entecavir n (%)	35 (33.3)	29 (47.6)	6 (13.6)	0.009
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate n (%)	26 (24.8)	13 (21.3)	13 (29.6)
Time of antiviral treatment (months)2	36.0 (12.0; 60.0)	36.0 (12.0; 60.0)	39.0 (12.0; 49.5)	0.58
Stage of liver disease
Without cirrhosis n (%)	80 (76.2)	37 (60.7)	43 (97.7)	< 0.001
Compensated cirrhosis n (%)	25 (23.8)	24 (39.3)	1 (2.3)
Child-Pugh-Turcotte score (A5/A6)	19/6	18/6	1/0
Biochemical parameters2
Serum albumin, g/dL	4.4 (4.1; 4.6)	4.5 (4.2; 4.7)	4.2 (4.1; 4.5)	0.02
Clinical and metabolic abnormalities n (%)
Blood hypertension	34 (32.4)	20 (32.8)	14 (31.8)	0.92
Diabetes mellitus	11 (10.5)	9 (14.8)	2 (4.5)	0.12
Dyslipidaemia	19 (18.1)	11 (18.0)	8 (18.2)	0.98
Overweight/obesity4	60 (57.1)	31 (50.8)	29 (65.9)	0.12
Metabolic syndrome5	19 (18.1)	10 (16.4)	9 (20.5)	0.59
Hepatic steatosis	40 (38.1)	27 (44.3)	13 (29.6)	0.13
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease6	29 (27.6)	18 (29.5)	11 (25.0)	0.61
Polypharmacy7	10 (9.5)	6 (9.8)	4 (9.1)	0.9
Lifestyle data n (%)
Low IPAQ (<600 met-min/week)	65 (61.9)	38 (62.3)	27 (61.4)	0.92
Current alcohol consumption8	7 (6.7)	4 (6.6)	3 (6.8)	1
Risk drinking consumption9	3 (2.9)	2 (3.3)	1 (2.3)	1

¹mean ± SD.

²Median [(interquartile range), 25^th - 75^th percentile].

³According to guidance The European Association for the Study of the Liver[24].

⁴Body mass index (BMI) > 25 (< 60 yr) and BMI > 27 (> 60 yr).

⁵The International Diabetes Federation worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome[28].

⁶Metabolic associated fatty liver disease according to an international expert consensus statement[21].

⁷Defined as regular use of at least five medications.

⁸The median [(interquartile range), 25^th - 75^th percentile] current alcohol intake per day was 7.9 g (2.7-19.0) and 5.0 g (0.6-10.5) for men and women, respectively.

⁹> 30 g per day for men and > 20 g per day for women.

n: Number of subjects; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HBeAg: Hepatitis B e-antigen; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; γ-GT: γ-glutamyltranspeptidase; IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire (normal: ≥ 600 METs-min/wk). The asymptotic Pearson’s χ² test was used to compare categorical variables. The t test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for comparison of normal and nonnormal continuous variables: Respectively.