Role of biliary complications in chronic graft rejection after living donor liver transplantation

Abstract

Postoperative biliary complications remain a substantial challenge after living donor liver transplantation, especially due to its heterogeneous clinical presentation.

Key Words: Chronic graft rejection, Biliary complications, Living donor liver transplantation, Graft survival, Cholangiopathy

Core Tip: In clinical practice, post-transplant cholangiopathy is a multifactorial process, including not only biliary complications like biliary leakage, biliary infection and biliary stricture, idiopathic post-transplant chronic hepatitis, fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis, and viral infections like cytomegalovirus but also chronic graft rejection. The post-transplant cholangiopathy substantially influences graft, as well as patient outcome and survival. Therefore, it is of outmost importance to distinguish the underlying etiology while simultaneously appreciating the heterogeneous nature of post-transplant cholangiopathy. A better understanding of clinical and histopathological features can result in an improved therapy strategy.

TO THE EDITOR

With great interest, we read the article by Guirguis et al[1] entitled “Biliary complications in recipients of living donor liver transplantation: A single-center study”. The study presents the findings on 169 recipients of right-lobe living-donor liver transplantation, which were followed for at least 1 year, or until graft or patient loss occurred. Based on their data on biliary leakage, biliary infection, and biliary stricture, as well as the presence of chronic graft rejection (CGR) and failure, the authors conclude that biliary infection/complications are an independent risk factor for CGR and graft failure in their study population.

While we congratulate the team on its attempt to unravel the impact of biliary complications on graft survival and mortality, we believe that some conclusions drawn in the article must be critically addressed.

First, the authors reference a study on a pediatric study population and deduce that biliary infection is a risk factor for CGR. However, in the mentioned study by Tannuri et al[2], the authors merely conclude that the occurrence of ductopenia is linked to a poor prognosis in pediatric patients with CGR. Furthermore, the authors outline main pathological changes that indicate CGR, such as vanishing bile duct syndrome and obliterative arteriopathy. Hence, Tannuri et al interpret ductopenia as the result of CGR, not its cause.

On that note, we want to turn the attention to well-defined classifications of CGR, especially in liver grafts for children and adults, respectively. In the updated International Banff Schema for Liver Allograft Rejection, Demetris et al[3] describe the features of CGR in accordance to histopathological findings of explanted liver tissue. Hereby, leading indicators of advanced CGR are outlined. These include, amongst others, loss of bile ducts (BD) of more than half of portal tracts, as well as the discovery of a foam cell obliterative arteriopathy in rejected tissue. Meanwhile, the loss of BD in less than 50% of portal tracts, BD degeneration, perisinusoidal fibrosis, and inflammation are considered preliminary findings for CGR after liver transplantation.

Second, in their retrospective multivariate analysis, Horster et al[4] reported on their 12-year experience with 352 liver transplant recipients. They identified HCV serostatus and high peri-transplantation viral serum loads as independent risk factors for postoperative anastomotic strictures. While non-anastomotic strictures, the presence of bile leaks, and subsequent treatment interventions worsened graft outcome in all patients, no increase of CGR was detected. Notably, biliary complications and HCV serum positivity exerted additive effects, although individually they did not alter the risk for graft loss. However, HCV-positive patients with BCs displayed significantly worse graft outcomes. The authors did not conclude that biliary infections would lead to CGR.

Although we understand that distinguishing between CGR and other causes of post-transplant cholangiopathy (PTC) might be histologically challenging and clinically difficult, it is of great significance to characterize the underlying etiology in order to provide our patients with the best available treatment and procedures. Thus, we appreciate CGR as one possible cause of the post-transplant cholangiopathy.

Leading to increased patient morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation, these entities require highly experienced physicians for a clear distinction and prompt intervention. The term PTC encompasses a wide range of histological donor bile duct aberrations, including biliary stricture, cast formation to full thickness and, even, bile duct necrosis with intrahepatic biloma development. As per definition, the presence of thrombosis, severe stenosis of the hepatic artery, or underlying chronic autoimmune disease (i.e., primary sclerosing cholangitis) is excluded from the definition of PTC[5]. We conclude that other causes of PTC can be mistaken for suspected chronic graft failure with assumed biliary etiology. Thus, additional measures should be taken to prevent misdiagnosis in this highly susceptible patient collectives.

In essence, we are delighted to see the efforts at Ain Shams University, Egypt to better understand clinical observations on biliary complications after right lobe living donor liver transplantation, in order to sustainably achieve better patient outcomes. Nevertheless, the cases of biliary-based CGR should be validated by carefully distinguishing this uncommon condition from multifocal biliary pathologies of other etiologies. Adequately powered, prospective study designs with larger study populations could effectively contribute to a better understanding and improved therapy options.