Dietary phytochemical consumption is inversely associated with liver alkaline phosphatase in Middle Eastern adults

Table 1 General characteristics of study participants by quartiles score of dietary phytochemical index

	Q4 (N = 1278)	Q3 (N = 1278)	Q2 (N = 1278)	Q1 (N = 1277)	P value1
Age (Yr)	47.5 ± 9.5	45.9 ± 8.8	45.5 ± 8.8	46.4 ± 9.1	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	28.2 ± 4.9	28.3 ± 7.7	28.2 ± 10.9	27.9 ± 5.0	0.647
Waist circumference (cm)	94.1 ± 11.8	94.3 ± 11.5	94.2 ± 11.4	94.7 ± 12.1	0.668
WHR	0.9 ± 0.1	0.9 ± 0.1	0.9 ± 0.8	0.9 ± 0.3	0.021
Systolic blood pressure (mm/Hg)	109.1 ± 16.4	106.8 ± 15.8	106.7 ± 15.1	107.4 ± 16.2	< 0.001
Diastolic blood pressure (mm/Hg)	67.3 ± 11.0	66.8 ± 11.0	66.8 ± 10.3	67.2 ± 10.6	0.451
Metabolic equivalent of task (h/wk)	42.0 ± 6.5	41.0 ± 6.6	41.6 ± 7.2	41.3 ± 6.8	< 0.01
WSI	0.2 ± 0.7	0.2 ± 0.7	0.2 ± 0.7	0.1 ± 0.7	< 0.001
Gender men (%)	578 (45.2)	543 (42.5)	609 (47.7)	548 (45.7)	0.071
Smoking					< 0.01
Never smoker (%)	1086 (85.0)	1088 (85.1)	1045(81.8)	1052 (82.4)
Current smoker (%)	106 (8.3)	128 (10.0)	161 (12.6)	140 (11.0)
Ex_smoker (%)	86 (6.7)	62 (4.9)	72 (5.6)	85 (6.7)
Education					< 0.001
Uneducated and elementary (%)	536 (41.9)	506 (39.6)	501 (39.2)	612 (48.0)
Middle and high school	487 (38.2)	535 (38.2)	541 (42.3)	472 (37.0)
University or college degree	224 (17.5)	212 (16.6)	195 (15.3)	168 (13.2)
Postgraduate	31 (2.4)	25 (2.0)	40 (3.1)	24 (1.9)
Multivitamin mineral use					0.211
Never (%)	1244 (97.4)	1242 (97.2)	1231 (96.5)	1245 (97.6)
Daily (%)	1 (0.1)	0	2 (0.2)	1 (0.1)
Weekly (%)	4 (0.3)	1 (0.1)	1 (0.1)	0
Monthly (%)	1 (0.1)	4 (0.3)	2 (0.2)	0
Yearly (%)	27 (2.1)	31(2.4)	39 (3.1)	30 (2.4)
Metabolic syndrome	213 (16.7)	225 (17.6)	216 (16.9)	233 (18.2)	0.713

¹Obtained from one way Anova or Chi-squared tests for continuous and categorical variables, respectively.

Values are means ± SDs or n (%).

DPI: Dietary phytochemical index; BMI: Body mass index; WHR: Waist-to-hip ratio; WSI: Wealth score index.