Fertaric acid amends bisphenol A-induced toxicity, DNA breakdown, and histopathological changes in the liver, kidney, and testis

Table 3 Protective effect of fertaric acid on kidney toxicity and serum electrolytes in rats exposed to bisphenol A

Parameter	Group
	Control	Paraffin oil	FA	BPA	FA + BPA
Serum urea (mg/dL)	26.5 ± 2.83	27.2 ± 2.54	25.8 ± 2.59	34.0 ± 2.59c	28.2 ± 2.74a
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	0.75 ± 0.08	0.76 ± 0.06	0.74 ± 0.07	0.98 ± 0.09c	0.76 ± 0.09a
Serum uric acid (mg/dL)	8.21 ± 0.43	8.16 ± 0.52	8.28 ± 0.64	17.65 ± 0.82d	9.16 ± 0.58b
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)	16.25 ± 1.54	16.47 ± 1.39	16.18 ± 1.52	34.42 ± 1.80d	17.18 ± 1.71b
Serum sodium (mmol/L)	154.60 ± 3.29	155.28 ± 3.61	153.81 ± 3.50	110.24 ± 4.16d	144.9 ± 3.28a
Serum potassium (mmol/L)	5.62 ± 0.19	5.71 ± 0.15	5.59 ± 0.24	2.71 ± 0.28d	5.43 ± 0.18a
Serum chloride (mmol/L)	102.83 ± 2.19	103.20 ± 2.34	102.36 ± 2.75	81.47 ± 1.85d	101.26 ± 2.39a

^aP ≤ 0.05 compared to bisphenol A (BPA).

^bP ≤ 0.01 compared to BPA.

^cP ≤ 0.05 compared to control.

^dP ≤ 0.01 compared to control. Number of animals = 6 rats/group. Values are expressed as the mean ± SD. FA: Fertaric acid; BPA: Bisphenol A.