Fertaric acid amends bisphenol A-induced toxicity, DNA breakdown, and histopathological changes in the liver, kidney, and testis

Table 2 Protective effect of fertaric acid on liver toxicity in rats exposed to bisphenol A

Parameter	Group
	Control	Paraffin oil	FA	BPA	FA + BPA
Serum AST (U/L)	121.8 ± 2.64	122.4 ± 3.26	124.0 ± 2.73	175.2 ± 0.72d	130.4 ± 4.17b
Serum ALT (U/L)	60.9 ± 2.37	61.9 ± 2.18	63.1 ± 2.59	86.7 ± 1.96d	65.1 ± 2.9b
Serum ALP (U/100 mL)	14.9 ± 1.27	14.7 ± 1.46	16.2 ± 1.56	5.65 ± 0.82d	13.7 ± 1.22b
Serum ACP (U/100 mL)	17.0 ± 2.79	16.2 ± 2.48	15.8 ± 2.75	6.86 ± 2.01d	12.15 ± 2.34b
Serum γGT (U/L)	8.42 ± 1.32	8.52 ± 1.25	9.90 ± 1.37	13.6 ± 2.30d	10.2 ± 1.57b
Serum LDH (U/L)	261.0 ± 43.6	257.9 ± 35.8	257.4 ± 36.8	755.9 ± 53.17d	277.8 ± 52.8b
Serum bilirubin (mg/dL)	0.53 ± 0.08	0.55 ± 0.09	0.58 ± 0.06	0.82 ± 0.05d	0.54 ± 0.04b

^aP ≤ 0.05 compared to bisphenol A (BPA).

^bP ≤ 0.01 compared to BPA.

^cP ≤ 0.05 compared to control.

^dP ≤ 0.01 compared to control. Number of animals = 6 rats/group. Values are expressed as the mean ± SD. FA: Fertaric acid; BPA: Bisphenol A; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; ACP: Acid phosphatase; γ-GT: γ-Glutamyl transferase; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase.