Fertaric acid amends bisphenol A-induced toxicity, DNA breakdown, and histopathological changes in the liver, kidney, and testis

Table 1 Protective effect of fertaric acid on body weight, food and water intake, urine volume, and urinary protein, albumin, and albumin/protein ratio in rats exposed to bisphenol A

Parameter	Group
	Control	Paraffin oil	FA	BPA	FA + BPA
Initial body weight (g)	132.5 ± 14.5	133.1 ± 15.6	131.8 ± 14.2	134.8 ± 13.9	135.0 ± 15.3
Final body weight (g)	185.0 ± 16.8	187.1 ± 17.2	186.3 ± 18.64	87.8 ± 12.5d	183.75 ± 16.7b
Initial food consumption (g/d)	11.5 ± 1.3	11.3 ± 1.0	11.4 ± 1.2	11.7 ± 1.1	11.6 ± 1.4
Final food consumption (g/d)	14.1 ± 1.1	14.3 ± 1.4	14.2 ± 1.3	5.7 ± 1.0d	14.0 ± 1.2b
Initial water intake (mL/d)	12.2 ± 1.5	12.4 ± 1.3	12.1 ± 1.2	12.3 ± 1.4	12.5 ± 1.0b
Final water intake (mL/d)	15.4 ± 1.6	15.2 ± 1.3	15.3 ± 1.0	6.8 ± 0.9d	15.1 ± 1.2b
Urine volume (mL/100 g/8 h)	0.98 ± 0.07	0.96 ± 0.09	0.99 ± 0.08	1.26 ± 0.15c	1.01 ± 0.08a
Urinary protein excretion (g/dL)	4.06 ± 0.24	4.04 ± 0.21	4.07 ± 0.26	5.29 ± 0.19c	4.08 ± 0.25a
Urinary albumin excretion (g/dL)	2.30 ± 1.4	2.28 ± 1.1	2.32 ± 1.3	4.13 ± 1.5d	2.31 ± 1.2b
Urinary albumin/protein excretion ratio	0.57 ± 0.05	0.56 ± 0.03	0.57 ± 0.04	0.78 ± 0.02c	0.57 ± 0.03a

^aP ≤ 0.05 compared to bisphenol A (BPA).

^bP ≤ 0.01 compared to BPA.

^cP ≤ 0.05 compared to control.

^dP ≤ 0.01 compared to control. Number of animals = 6 rats/group. Initial body weight, food consumption, and water intake = body weight, food consumption, and water intake at the first day (day 0) of the experiment. Final body weight, food consumption, and water intake = body weight, food consumption, and water intake at the final day of the experiment. Values are expressed as the mean ± SD. FA: Fertaric acid; BPA: Bisphenol A.