Prevalence and risk factors of steatosis and advanced fibrosis using transient elastography in the United States’ adolescent population

Table 4 Univariate Analysis of participant characteristics and fibrosis stage

	Fibrosis stage				Coefficient	P value
	F0 - F1 (n = 693)	F2 (n = 26)	F3 (n = 12)	F4 (n = 9)
Age	15 (13-16)	15 (13-17)	14 (13-15)	15 (14.75-17)	0.0106	0.276
Sex
Male	356 (51.37%)	17 (65.38%)	6 (50%)	7 (77.78%)	0.0533	0.105
Female	337 (48.63%)	9 (34.62%)	6 (50%)	2 (22.22%)
Race
Mexican American	123 (17.75%)	4 (15.38%)	0 (0%)	3 (33.33%)	-0.0049	0.909
Other Hispanic	53 (7.65%)	1 (3.85%)	1 (8.33%)	0 (0%)	-0.0535	0.393
Non-Hispanic White	222 (32.03%)	3 (11.54%)	2 (16.67%)	2 (22.22%)	-0.0685	0.054
Non-Hispanic Black	148 (21.36%)	13 (50%)	8 (66.67%)	2 (22.22%)	0.1309	< 0.001a
Non-Hispanic Asian	78 (11.26%)	4 (15.38%)	0 (0%)	1 (11.11%)	-0.0222	0.669
Other Race-Including Multi-Racial	69 (9.96%)	1 (3.85%)	1 (8.33%)	1 (11.11%)	-0.0230	0.679
Smoking	5 (0.75%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (11.11%)	0.3967	0.032a
Waist-to-height ratio	0.48 (0.43-0.55)	0.49 (0.44-0.61)	0.49 (0.4-0.61)	0.5 (0.42-0.68)	0.3746	0.042a
Waist-to-hip ratio	0.57 (0.53-0.62)	0.59 (0.54-0.69)	0.6 (0.52-0.64)	0.59 (0.5-0.7)	0.2804	0.215
Body mass index					0.0330	0.079
Underweight	4 (0.58%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Normal	370 (53.78%)	11 (42.31%)	6 (50%)	5 (55.56%)
Risk of overweight	126 (18.31%)	2 (7.69%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Overweight	188 (27.33%)	13 (50%)	6 (50%)	4 (44.44%)
Days physically active at least 60 min	4 (2-5)	4 (2-5)	2.5 (0.5-6)	5 (2.5-6)	-0.0039	0.597
Hours/day watch TV or videos past 30 d	2 (1-4)	2 (1-4)	2.5 (2-4.5)	2 (0-3.5)	-0.0027	0.779
Hours/day use computer past 30 d	3 (2-5)	5 (3-5)	4 (2.5-5)	3 (0.75-5)	0.0062	0.519
Steatosis grade					0.0757	< 0.001a
S0	518 (74.86%)	13 (50%)	3 (25%)	4 (44.44%)
S1	57 (8.24%)	2 (7.69%)	3 (25%)	1 (11.11%)
S2	35 (5.06%)	2 (7.69%)	2 (16.67%)	0 (0%)
S3	82 (11.85%)	9 (34.62%)	4 (33.33%)	4 (44.44%)
Diet
Energy (1000 kcal)	1.8 (1.4-2.42)	1.5 (1.37-2.11)	1.62 (1.4-1.75)	1.75 (1.32-2.4)	-0.0225	0.282
Protein (mg)	63.69 (46.81-85.41)	50.66 (42.74-94.29)	59.33 (45.9-76.55)	68.03 (49.61-73.78)	-0.0004	0.405
Carbohydrate (mg)	230.55 (174.26-299.84)	202.56 (152.11-255.23)	204.26 (177.87-238.7)	242.27 (186.12-305.52)	-0.0001	0.671
Total sugars (mg)	92.59 (64.25-133.63)	87.43 (58.07-120.32)	75.76 (62.31-94.74)	94.74 (85.8-123.02)	-0.0001	0.697
Dietary fiber (mg)	12.7 (9.25-17.1)	10.8 (7.62-17.64)	10.4 (9.02-14.29)	12.85 (10.8-16.96)	-0.0018	0.461
Total fat (mg)	74.07 (52.04-97.34)	55.7 (45.07-79.29)	65.98 (50.43-78.07)	69.09 (45.95-97.94)	-0.0007	0.091
Total saturated fatty acids (mg)	24.72 (16.8-34.81)	21.06 (14.84-29.88)	23.04 (18.87-27.64)	22.84 (18.35-28.35)	-0.0020	0.083
Cholesterol (mg)	197 (129.13-317.63)	150.5 (85-213.25)	162.5 (118.38-228.88)	146.5 (124.75-310.25)	-0.0002	0.065
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	106 (102-114)	108 (103.5-126.5)	108 (100.5-120)	116 (113-122)	0.0066	< 0.001a
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	62 (54-68)	64 (53-71)	56 (50.5-65.5)	60 (56-68)	-0.0001	0.967
Triglycerides, refrig serum (mg/dL)1	78 (61-104)	67.5 (50-111)	88 (61.75-161)	88.5 (56.5-121.5)	0.0276	0.471
Uric acid (mg/dL)	4.9 (4.1-5.8)	5 (3.7-6)	4.7 (3.3-5.98)	5.75 (4.2-7.45)	0.0079	0.560
Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L)1	18 (16-22)	18 (15-25)	15 (14-23)	29 (20-32)	0.0882	0.137
Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L)1	13 (10-17)	14 (9-20)	12 (9.5-15)	20.5 (15-37.5)	0.0738	0.046a
Gamma glutamyl transferase (IU/L)1	13 (10-17)	12 (9-16)	12 (10-19.5)	20.5 (14-32.5)	0.0047	0.018a
Alkaline phosphatase (IU/L)	129 (88-222.5)	121.5 (81-205)	187 (127.75-242.75)	113 (105-129.5)	-0.0001	0.470
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)1	0.4 (0.3-0.5)	0.3 (0.2-0.6)	0.4 (0.3-0.5)	0.45 (0.35-0.7)	0.0178	0.577
Total protein (g/dL)	7.3 (7-7.5)	7.15 (6.8-7.3)	7.3 (7-7.63)	7.2 (7.15-7.45)	-0.0156	0.745
Albumin, refrigerated serum (g/dL)	4.3 (4.1-4.5)	4.05 (3.8-4.4)	4.2 (4.03-4.3)	4.3 (4.1-4.65)	-0.0744	0.229
Iron frozen, Serum (μg/dL)	83 (59-112)	80.5 (47-88)	88 (68-106)	67.5 (58-120.5)	0.0001	0.777
Total iron binding capacity (μg/dL)	352 (322-387)	346 (314-378)	355 (315.25-375.25)	314 (310-327.5)	-0.0009	0.018a
Transferrin saturation (%)	23 (17-32)	22 (15-26)	28 (19.25-31.5)	20 (18-39)	0.0013	0.377
Ferritin (ng/mL)	39.3 (24.5-62.1)	45.55 (24.45-61.85)	56.25 (29-71)	102.35 (35.75-141)	0.0009	0.030a
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	151 (134-171)	140.5 (136-156)	161 (143-175)	131 (119-147.5)	-0.0010	0.102
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL)	81 (66.2-97.6)	77.5 (64.2-92.6)	88.2 (71.6-91.4)	57.2 (55.5-80.1)	-0.0013	0.082
Direct high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL)	51 (44-59)	49.5 (44-58)	50 (46-62)	49.5 (39-56)	-0.0012	0.426
HS C-reactive protein (mg/L)1	0.57 (0.35-1.39)	0.83 (0.34-1.34)	0.72 (0.37-1.12)	0.97 (0.53-7.09)	0.0240	0.134
Platelet count (1000 cells/uL)	262 (230-297.5)	275.5 (242-302.5)	262.5 (226-277)	262.5 (234-275)	-0.0001	0.769
Hemoglobin A1c (%)1	5.3 (5.1-5.5)	5.3 (5.25-5.6)	5.45 (5.25-5.65)	5.35 (5.15-5.6)	0.4629	0.098
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	98 (94-102)	99 (94-103)	101 (95.5-104.25)	92 (89.75-95.75)	-0.0031	0.490
Insulin (pmol/L)	64.83 (43.38-99)	70.26 (45.87-183.17)	87.06 (59.28-160.28)	51.42 (27.29-127.14)	0.0005	0.291
Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance	2.61 (1.71-3.96)	2.66 (1.96-7.9)	4.08 (2.34-6.66)	1.95 (1.1-4.95)	0.0101	0.383

¹Skewness > 3.

^aP < 0.05. HS: High sensitivity.