Prevalence and risk factors of steatosis and advanced fibrosis using transient elastography in the United States’ adolescent population

doi:10.4254/wjh.v13.i7.790

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World Journal of Hepatology

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Retrospective Study

World J Hepatol. Jul 27, 2021; 13(7): 790-803
Published online Jul 27, 2021. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i7.790

Table 2 Univariate Analysis of participant characteristics and steatosis grade

	Steatosis grade				Coefficient	P value
	*S0 (n =* 538)**	*S1 (n =* 63)**	*S2 (n =* 39)**	*S3 (n =* 99)**
Age	14 (13-16)	14 (13-16)	15 (14-16)	15 (14-16)	0.0562	0.016^a
Sex
Male	273 (50.74%)	29 (46.03%)	20 (51.28%)	64 (64.65%)	0.1747	0.027^a
Female	265 (49.26%)	34 (53.97%)	19 (48.72%)	35 (35.35%)
Race
Mexican American	82 (15.24%)	11 (17.46%)	7 (17.95%)	30 (30.3%)	0.3542	< 0.001^a
Other Hispanic	42 (7.81%)	5 (7.94%)	1 (2.56%)	7 (7.07%)	-0.0903	0.549
Non-Hispanic White	178 (33.09%)	18 (28.57%)	13 (33.33%)	20 (20.2%)	-0.2008	0.019^a
Non-Hispanic Black	128 (23.79%)	10 (15.87%)	11 (28.21%)	21 (21.21%)	-0.0440	0.640
Non-Hispanic Asian	60 (11.15%)	8 (12.7%)	4 (10.26%)	11 (11.11%)	-0.0026	0.983
Other Race-Including Multi-Racial	48 (8.92%)	11 (17.46%)	3 (7.69%)	10 (10.1%)	0.0666	0.618
Smoking	4 (0.77%)	1 (1.59%)	0 (0%)	1 (1.04%)	0.0732	0.868
Waist-to-height ratio	0.45 (0.42-0.51)	0.54 (0.47-0.59)	0.57 (0.48-0.62)	0.6 (0.55-0.66)	6.5565	< 0.001^a
Waist-to-hip ratio	0.56 (0.52-0.6)	0.6 (0.57-0.65)	0.63 (0.57-0.68)	0.64 (0.61-0.69)	6.6835	< 0.001^a
Body mass index					0.6128	< 0.001^a
Underweight	4 (0.75%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Normal	349 (65.48%)	22 (34.92%)	10 (25.64%)	10 (10.1%)
Risk of overweight	97 (18.2%)	14 (22.22%)	8 (20.51%)	9 (9.09%)
Overweight	83 (15.57%)	27 (42.86%)	21 (53.85%)	80 (80.81%)
Days physically active at least 60 min	4 (2-6)	3.5 (1-5)	4 (2-5)	4 (2-5)	-0.0167	0.348
Hours/day watch TV or videos past 30 d	2 (1-4)	2 (1-4)	3 (1.75-5)	2 (1-4.25)	0.0421	0.070
Hours/day use computer past 30 d	3 (2-5)	4 (2-5)	5 (2-5)	4 (2-5)	0.0560	0.014^a
Diet
Energy (1000 kcal)	1.82 (1.43-2.45)	1.75 (1.26-2.28)	1.62 (1.33-2)	1.71 (1.34-2.38)	-0.0732	0.145
Protein (mg)	63.59 (48.32-86.06)	63.15 (40.29-77.27)	53.38 (37.92-80.78)	64.1 (49.36-87.48)	-0.0732	0.145
Carbohydrate (mg)	230.94 (180.54-301.73)	233.36 (154.21-296.51)	213.08 (169.63-253.71)	219.06 (173.09-290.58)	-0.0005	0.178
Total sugars (mg)	94.74 (67.04-133.77)	89.84 (54.32-140.86)	75.37 (51.43-97.67)	90.5 (63.35-127.21)	-0.0008	0.224
Dietary fiber (mg)	12.85 (9.25-17.36)	12.2 (8.77-18.3)	12.5 (9.24-16.79)	12.2 (8.8-16.4)	-0.0051	0.368
Total fat (mg)	75.09 (55.41-97.52)	66.13 (43.61-93.44)	62.68 (45.53-83.34)	71.58 (47.42-95.31)	-0.0016	0.143
Total saturated fatty acids (mg)	25.07 (17.39-35.43)	24.43 (11.47-32.25)	18.7 (11.7-30.89)	22.91 (14.97-31.11)	-0.0044	0.122
Cholesterol (mg)	197 (132.88-320.5)	165 (90.25-305.5)	162 (72.38-283.63)	199 (134-279.25)	-0.0003	0.254
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	106 (100-114)	108 (103.5-114.5)	112 (104-120)	112 (104-120)	0.0254	< 0.001^a
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	62 (54-68)	60 (51.5-68)	62 (55.5-70)	60 (54-66)	-0.0038	0.222
Triglycerides, refrig serum (mg/dL)¹	74 (57-98)	79 (62-103)	78.5 (70-105.5)	98 (68-159)	0.0051	< 0.001^a
Uric acid (mg/dL)	4.7 (4-5.6)	5.1 (4.15-6.05)	5.45 (4.65-6.15)	5.75 (4.7-6.7)	0.1984	< 0.001^a
Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L)¹	18 (16-22)	18 (15.25-21.75)	16.5 (15-21)	20.5 (18-27)	0.0151	0.002^a
Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L)¹	12 (10-15)	15 (11.25-19)	14 (10-17.5)	20.5 (14-34)	0.0372	< 0.001^a
Gamma glutamyl transferase (IU/L)¹	12 (10-15)	12 (10-18.75)	15.5 (10-19)	18 (12-24)	0.0375	< 0.001^a
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (IU/L)	130 (87-225.75)	121 (86.75-235)	135 (75.5-188)	126.5 (99-188)	-0.0003	0.537
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)¹	0.4 (0.3-0.6)	0.3 (0.23-0.48)	0.4 (0.3-0.5)	0.4 (0.3-0.4)	-0.3419	0.009^a
Total protein (g/dL)	7.3 (7-7.5)	7.3 (7-7.5)	7.35 (7.15-7.6)	7.35 (7.2-7.6)	0.3620	0.002^a
Albumin, refrigerated serum (g/dL)	4.3 (4.1-4.5)	4.3 (4.1-4.5)	4.25 (4.05-4.45)	4.2 (4-4.4)	-0.5553	< 0.001^a
Iron frozen, serum (μg/dL)	85 (61-113)	86 (58.25-105.75)	69 (49.5-85.75)	75 (56-103)	-0.0027	0.013^a
Total iron binding capacity (μg/dL)	348 (317.5-382)	366 (342-392.25)	360 (326.25-406.5)	356 (322-385)	0.0015	0.092
Transferrin Saturation (%)	24 (17-33)	23 (15.25-30.75)	19 (13.5-26)	22.5 (15-30)	-0.0104	0.004^a
Ferritin (ng/mL)	39.2 (24.85-59.85)	35.25 (18.75-57.5)	30.85 (14.65-60.15)	59.2 (35-93.12)	0.0038	< 0.001^a
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	150 (134-168)	158 (132.75-174)	152 (139.5-166.25)	157 (139.25-178.75)	0.0032	0.035^a
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL)	78.8 (64.8-94.6)	85.8 (69.15-107.45)	82.5 (70.1-97.8)	87 (70.6-103.6)	0.0041	0.019^a
Direct high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL)	53 (46-61)	50 (46-56)	48 (41.5-55)	44 (39-51)	-0.0238	< 0.001^a
HS C-reactive protein (mg/L)¹	0.49 (0.32-1.01)	0.72 (0.35-1.51)	0.95 (0.43-1.89)	1.76 (0.87-3.74)	0.0448	< 0.001^a
Platelet count (1000 cells/uL)	258 (228-292)	269 (228.5-318.5)	273 (239-307)	282 (248-313)	0.0026	< 0.001^a
Hemoglobin A1c (%)¹	5.3 (5.1-5.5)	5.3 (5.1-5.45)	5.3 (5.1-5.6)	5.4 (5.2-5.5)	0.2280	0.054
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	97 (93-101)	98 (93.25-101.75)	101 (94-103)	99.5 (96-103)	0.0219	0.017^a
Insulin (pmol/L)	54.96 (39.84-79.38)	101.1 (71.58-130.8)	88.32 (62.28-118.14)	129.63 (75.66-185.46)	0.0086	< 0.001^a
Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance	2.23 (1.58-3.32)	4.08 (2.96-5.47)	3.56 (2.64-4.96)	5.34 (3.08-7.78)	0.1976	< 0.001^a

¹Skewness > 3.

^aP < 0.05. HS: High sensitivity.

Citation: Atsawarungruangkit A, Elfanagely Y, Pan J, Anderson K, Scharfen J, Promrat K. Prevalence and risk factors of steatosis and advanced fibrosis using transient elastography in the United States’ adolescent population. World J Hepatol 2021; 13(7): 790-803
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5182/full/v13/i7/790.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v13.i7.790