New stem cell autophagy surrogate diagnostic biomarkers in early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in Egypt: A pilot study

Table 4 Expression level of hsa-miR-519d-3p, ACTB, RNU6, and SQSTM1 between the three study groups (mean ± SD)

Variable	HCC (n = 34)	Chronic liver infection (n = 11)	Control (n = 5)	F1	P value
Ct (ACTB)	30.65a ± 4.21	25.82b ± 2.31	27.34b ± 2.00	7.69	0.001 HS
Ct (RNU6)	36.03 ± 2.92	36.36 ± 2.82	38.55 ± 0.96	1.78	0.18 NS
Ct (miR-519d)	30.08a ± 3.00	33.61b ± 2.78	38.05c ± 1.08	20.48	< 0.001 HS
mRNA-SQSTM1	36.14 ± 3.17	34.89 ± 2.30	38.38 ± 1.86	2.48	0.10 NS
DCT (miR-519d)	−5.95a ± 1.98	−2.75b ± 0.89	−0.50c ± 0.40	31.17	< 0.001 HS
DDCT (miR-519d)	−5.59a ± 1.98	−2.39b ± 0.89	−0.14c ± 0.40	31.17	< 0.001 HS
RQ (miR-519d)2	41.94a ± 18.25–139.10	5.98b ± 3.14–8.28	1.17c ± 1.16–1.21	28.46	< 0.001 HS
DCT (SQSTM1)	5.49a ± 1.83	9.07b ± 0.70	11.04c ± 0.58	41.08	< 0.001 HS
DDCT (SQSTM1)	−5.51a ± 1.83	−1.93b ± 0.70	0.04c ± 0.58	41.08	< 0.001 HS
RQ (SQSTM1)2	33.91a ± 14.83–132.51	3.68b ± 2.28–5.50	0.84c ± 0.76–0.99	32.54	< 0.001 HS

¹One-way analysis of variance (a, b post-hoc test).

²Kruskal–Wallis test (median and interquartile range).

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

Ct: Threshold cycle; HS: Highly significant; NS: Non-significant.